Public Opinion and Polling around the World: A Historical Encyclopedia a Two Volume set

908 Pages·2004·3.9 MB·English

by  John Geer

PUBLIC OPINION AND
POLLING AROUND THE WORLD
E B
DITORIAL OARD
Donna Bahry
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania
Russell Dalton
University of California–Irvine
Irvine, California
Robert Erikson
Columbia University
New York, New York
Peter Esaiasson
Göteborg University
Göteborg, Sweden
Susan Herbst
Temple University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
John Zaller
University of California–Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
PUBLIC OPINION AND
POLLING AROUND THE WORLD
A Historical Encyclopedia
Volume 1
John G. Geer, Editor
Santa Barbara, California
Denver, Colorado
Oxford, England
Copyright © 2004 by John G. Geer
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-
cal, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations
in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Public opinion and polling around the world : a historical encyclopedia
/ John G. Geer, editor.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 1-57607-911-2 (hardcopy : alk. paper) ISBN 1-57607-912-0 (e-book)
1. Public opinion polls—History. 2. Public opinion polls—Cross-
cultural studies. 3. Public opinion—United States—History. I. Geer,
John Gray.
HM1236.P83 2004
303.3’8—dc22
2004011691
08 07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an e-book. Visit abc-clio.com
for details.
ABC-CLIO, Inc.
130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911
Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911
∞
This book is printed on acid-free paper .
Manufactured in the United States of America
Contents
VOLUME 1
Preface, ix
Part 1 The Role of Public Opinion in Democracy 1
Section One: Measuring Public Opinion, 3
The Sociological Perspective, Nancy Carrillo, 3
The Psychological Perspective, Steven Greene, 9
A Mass Media Perspective, Patricia Moy and Dietram A. Scheufele, 26
Section Two: Shaping Public Opinion, 33
Interest Groups, Diane J. Heith, 33
News Media, Diane J. Heith, 38
Political Parties, Sean Hogan, 44
Presidents, Matthew Eshbaugh-Soha, 49
Presidents and Foreign Policy, Andrew Z. Katz, 55
Part 2 Public Opinion in the United States 65
Section One: History, 67
Founding-Era Elections: 1787–1824, Ryan Lee Teten, 67
Jacksonian-Era Elections: 1828–1848, Pearl T. Ponce, 75
Civil War–Era Elections: 1850–1866, Yonatan Eyal, 81
Reconstruction-Era Elections: 1868–1892, Ryan Lee Teten, 87
Progressive-Era Elections: 1894–1928, Joel David Bloom, 93
Depression-Era Elections: 1930–1940, Joel David Bloom, 101
World War II–Era Elections: 1942–1958, Richard W. Boyd, 109
Cold War Elections: 1960–1976, Valerie Adams, 120
Post–Cold War Elections: 1978–1990, Gar Culbert, 127
Contemporary Elections: 1990–Present, Jeremy Clayne Pope, 132
Section Two: Issues, 140
Abortion, Brett M. Clifton, 140
Affirmative Action, Chris T. Owens, 145
Alienation, Priscilla L. Southwell, 151
The Campaign, Christopher C. Blunt, 157
v
vi Contents
Campaign Finance Reform, David M. Primo, 165
Civil Liberties, Alex R. Trouteaud, 171
Civil Rights: 1942–2000, Mark Kemper, 176
Death Penalty, Christopher D. Karadjov, 186
Domestic Politics, Douglas C. Foyle, 194
The Economy, Kevin Arceneaux, 199
Education, Thomas M. Smith, 212
Elected Officials, Stacy G. Ulbig, 220
The Environment, Anthony C. Coveny and Courtney M. Rogers, 229
Foreign Policy, Douglas C. Foyle, 234
Gay and Lesbian Rights, Ewa A. Golebiowska, 244
Globalization, Amy Carter, 251
Government Spending, Bryan E. Denham, 255
Health Care, Jason Barabas and Jennifer Jerit, 260
Ideology, Kyle L. Saunders, 268
Latino Voices, Jason P. Casellas, 280
The Middle East, Anthony C. Coveny and Francis A. Gross III, 287
Partisanship, Stephanie C. McLean, 293
Pseudoscience Beliefs, Susan Carol Losh, 299
Religion, Brett M. Clifton, 311
Science, Susan Carol Losh, 317
September 11, 2001, Todd S. Sechser, 327
Social Context, Martin Johnson, 338
Social Security, Jason Barabas, 344
Terrorism, Amy Carter, 353
Trust in Government, R. Andrew Holbrook, 359
The United Nations, Christopher S. Leskiw, 364
Welfare, Jennifer Jerit, 370
Women Presidential Candidates, Rosalyn Cooperman, 376
Section Three: Key People, Institutions, and Concepts, 382
Caddell, Pat, Andrew Z. Katz, 382
Cantril, Hadley, Albert H. Cantril, 387
Converse, Philip E., Stephanie C. McLean, 391
Exit Polls and Election Projections, Warren J. Mitofsky, 396
Framing Questions, Greg M. Shaw, 401
Gallup, George H., Alec Gallup and George H. Gallup Jr., 407
Internet Surveys, Gerald M. Kosicki, 411
Key, V. O., Jr., Marc D. Weiner, 417
Lippman, Walter, Caroline Heldman, 421
Miller, Warren, Michael Traugott, 425
Pollsters, Caroline Heldman, 427
Question Wording and Context, Martha E. Kropf, 435
Research Institutions, Sean Hogan, 441
Contents vii
Roper, Elmo, Carl W. Brown, Jr., 447
Sampling, Kyle L. Saunders, 451
Stokes, Donald E., Larry M. Bartels, 457
The Study of Public Opinion, Caroline Heldman, 462
Survey Methods, Martha E. Kropf, 468
VOLUME 2
Part 3 Public Opinion in the International Arena 475
Section One: Comparative Perspective, 477
Beginning Democracies, Matthew M. Singer and Thomas J. Scotto, 477
Developing Countries, Vidal F. Romero, 485
Industrial Democracies, Thomas J. Scotto and Matthew M. Singer, 491
Integration: Using the Eurobarometer to Measure Support, Adam Brinegar and
Seth Jolly, 497
World Opinion, Frank Louis Rusciano, 504
Section Two: Countries and Regions, 509
Argentina, Gerardo Adrogué and Mark P. Jones, 509
Belgium, Steven Van de Walle, 514
Brazil, Lucio R. Renno, 519
Bulgaria, Rossen Vassilev, 526
Canada, Karen J. Long, 532
Chile, Patricio Navia, 544
China, Hongmei Li and James R. Beniger, 550
Costa Rica, Oscar Hernández, 559
Czech Republic, Lisa M. Pohlman, 564
Estonia, Rain Rosimannus and Mikk Titma, 570
Finland, Jan Sundberg, 576
France, Lori M. Poloni-Staudinger, 581
Germany, Michael R. Wolf and Lori M. Poloni-Staudinger, 585
Great Britain, Michael R. Wolf and Craig Ortsey, 591
Hong Kong, Siu-kai Lau and Po-san Wan, 597
Hungary, P. Matthew Loveless, 602
Iran, Taghi Azadarmaki, 610
Ireland, James P. McBride, 613
Israel, Asher Arian, Elihu Katz, and Danielle Shani, 619
Italy, Eleonora Pasotti, 627
Japan, Darlene Budd, 634
Jordan, Fares al-Braizat, 640
Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Eric McGlinchey, 647
Mexico, Gregg B. Johnson, 651
The Middle East, Nadra Garas, 658
The Netherlands, Thomas R. Rochon, 662
viii Contents
New Zealand, Jack Vowles, 670
Norway, Tor Bjørklund, 676
Peru, Gregory D. Schmidt, 683
The Philippines, Linda Luz B. Guerrero and Mahar Mangahas, 689
Poland, Roger Schoenman, 697
Romania, Marina Popescu, 704
Russia, Sam Whitt, 710
Slovakia, Lisa M. Pohlman, 715
South Africa, Mbithi wa Kivilu, Ben Roberts, Zakes Langa, and
Jare Struwig, 722
Spain, Juan Díez-Nicolás, 728
Sweden, Tommy Möller, 733
Taiwan, Yun-han Chu and Yu-tzung Chang, 741
Thailand, Robert B. Albritton, 749
Uruguay, Daniel Buquet, 756
Venezuela, Jóse E. Molina V., 763
Appendix: National Election Studies 2002 Post-Election Survey Questionnaire, 769
Print and Nonprint Resources, 825
Index, 863
List of Contributors, 893
Preface
America has shown more boldness in If one reads the epigraph carefully, there
trusting public opinion, in recognizing is another subtle insight of a great mind.
and giving effect to it, than has yet Bryce contends that America has “shown
been shown elsewhere. Towering over more boldness in trusting public opin-
Presidents, and State governors, over ion... than yet has been shown else-
Congress and State legislature, over where.” The “yet” is telling. Bryce under-
conventions and the vast machinery of stood that although the United States
party, public opinion stands out, in the gave more credence to the public opinion
United States, as the greatest source of than other nations, this might not always
power, the master of servants who be the case. He acknowledged that the
tremble before it. spread of democratic government was
—James Bryce, The American possible and that other nations too would
Commonwealth (1891) show such “boldness.” Over the last few
decades, we have seen an explosion in the
number of democracies around the globe.
This passage underscores the impor- Nations everywhere are paying more and
tance of public opinion and why more attention to the thoughts and pref-
having an encyclopedia describing and erences of the citizenry—a natural by-
outlining its key components is invalu- product of democracy. It is this change,
able. Public opinion, obviously, matters, along with the importance of public opin-
but in fact it matters a great deal more ion in the U.S. context, that makes the
than we tend to assume, especially in a book very timely. The pages that follow
nation that claims to be democratic like not only provide a complete account of
the United States. The influence of pub- public opinion in the United States, it
lic opinion on government is hardly new. contains entries about how public opin-
Consider that James Bryce penned the ion works in more than fifty other coun-
above observation well over a century tries. This breadth provides readers a
ago. Bryce was one of the great intellec- chance to forge a broader understanding
tuals of his time. He wrote numerous of how public opinion works. No other
books on the American and British polit- volume takes such a comparative focus.
ical systems. But he is best known for his The end result is a rich and interesting
insights into public opinion and its con- account of this topic.
nection to the operation of democratic This particular volume has several key
government. components. First, some entries cover the
ix