Public health nutrition in developing countries PDF
Preview Public health nutrition in developing countries
Public health nutrition in developing countries © 2012 by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. © 2012 by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. Public health nutrition in developing countries Part - I Edited by Sheila Chander Vir W OODHEAD PUBLISHING INDIA PVT LTD New Delhi ● Cambridge ● Oxford ● Philadelphia © 2012 by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. CRC Press Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. Taylor & Francis Group 303, Vardaan House, 7/28, Ansari Road 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20150227 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-93-80308-75-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Metre, in fond memory of their love, blessings, inspiration and encouragement. © 2012 by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. © 2012 by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. Contents Contents Foreword xxv Preface xxix List of Contributors xxxiii Part - I 1. Principles of epidemiology and epidemiologic 1 methods Sanjay P. Zodpey 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What is epidemiology? 1 1.3 Development in epidemiologic methods 2 1.4 Epidemiological reasoning 3 1.5 Classifying epidemiologic study methods 4 References 24 2. Nutrition epidemiology for developing countries 25 Usha Ramakrishnan and Ines G. Casanova 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Epidemiological studies 26 2.3 Nutritional epidemiology – measurement 33 2.4 Importance of nutrition epidemiology in developing countries 43 2.5 Nutrition epidemiology and public health nutrition 44 References 47 3. Undernutrition in children 50 Sheila C. Vir 3.1 Undernutrition, child survival and millennium development 50 goals 3.2 Undernutrition in children – stunting, underweight and 52 wasting © 2012 by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. viii Contents 3.3 Undernutrition and age trend 52 3.4 Stunting, underweight and wasting – an overview of 56 the global situation 3.5 Determinants of undernutrition 61 3.6 Maternal and child undernutrition – evidence for actions 68 3.7 Addressing undernutrition in children – a life cycle approach 75 References 80 4. Dual nutrition burden in women: causes, 86 consequences, and control measures Prema Ramachandran 4.1 Introduction 86 4.2 Emergence of dual nutrition burden in India 87 4.3 Nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women 90 4.4 Interventions to improve dietary intake and nutritional status 95 in women 4.5 Factors responsible for the emerging problem of overnutrition 97 4.6 Undernutrition – overnutrition linkages 101 4.7 Summary and conclusion 104 References 106 5. Measuring undernutrition and overnutrition in 108 children Dheeraj Shah and H.P.S. Sachdev 5.1 Introduction 108 5.2 Anthropometric techniques 109 5.3 Comparison of indices with references 131 5.4 Cut-offs 135 5.5 Growth references 136 5.6 Undernutrition 145 References 149 6. Essential new-born care and child survival 151 Richa Singh Pandey and Sheila C. Vir 6.1 Neonatal period – a risky start to childhood 151 6.2 Millennium development goal 4 (MDG-4) and neonatal 153 mortality 6.3 Neonatal mortality – an Indian perspective 154 6.4 Neonatal mortality – direct and underlying determinants 155 6.5 Continuum of care – a comprehensive approach to saving 156 newborn lives © 2012 by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. Contents ix 6.6 Essential newborn care interventions 157 6.7 Delivering essential newborn care (ENBC) interventions 166 through public health systems – opportunities and challenges 6.8 Addressing neonatal health in India – initiatives by 168 Government of India 6.9 Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) – 170 the global strategy 6.10 Integrated Management of Neonatal Care and Childhood 171 Illnesses (IMNCI) 6.11 Conclusion 172 References 173 7. Integrating breastfeeding in public health 175 programming – scientific facts, current status and future directions Kajali Paintal 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Breastfeeding – the science for integrating scientific facts 178 into programming 7.3 Trends in exclusive breastfeeding practices 187 7.4 Integrating breastfeeding into public sector programmes 190 7.5 Programme design – community based 207 7.6 Large scale community-based programmes – lessons learned 211 References 215 8. Complementary feeding of infants and young 223 children Veenu Seth and Aashima Garg 8.1 Complementary feeding practices – a critical determinant 223 of undernutrition in young children 8.2 Optimal infant and young child feeding 225 8.3 Complementary feeding – issues and guidelines 226 8.4 Initiating complementary feeding 227 8.5 Adequacy and frequency of complementary feeding 228 8.6 Energy and other nutrient intake from complementary foods228 8.7 Causes of faulty complementary feeding practices 232 8.8 Desirable features of satisfactory complementary feeding 235 8.9 Measuring the status of complementary feeding 238 8.10 Complementary feeding status – global and India 240 8.11 Low-cost complementary feeding 241 8.12 Different ‘home based’ complementary foods 242 © 2012 by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd. x Contents 8.13 Promoting improved complementary feeding practices – 246 programs, strategies and challenge ahead References 249 9. Options and strategies to reach under-two children 252 through complementary feeding with ARF in the South Asian countries Tara Gopaldas 9.1 Introduction 252 9.2 Nutritional needs, deficiencies and the role of 253 complementary foods in the age group of under twos 9.3 Options for providing nutrition to overcome deficiencies 259 9.4 Technology for development of premixes and 261 complementary foods 9.5 Mechanisms to improve acceptability, palata-bility, 266 utilization and outreach of the donated complementary food in the public sector References 271 10. Diarrhea and undernutrition 274 Shariqua Yunus 10.1 Introduction 274 10.2 Definition of diarrhea 274 10.3 Types of diarrhea 275 10.4 Causes of diarrhea 276 10.5 Diarrhea, morbidity, malnutrition and mortality 276 10.6 Management of diarrhea 280 10.7 Prevention of diarrhea 285 References 290 11. Prevention and management of protein energy 292 malnutrition Siddarth Ramji 11.1 Introduction 292 11.2 Clinical syndromes of malnutrition 292 11.3 Prevention of malnutrition 293 11.4 Managing malnutrition 301 11.5 Guidelines for management of mild-moderate malnutrition 307 11.6 Conclusion 307 References 308 © 2012 by Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.
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