Public health in history

244 Pages·2011·3.267 MB·English

by  Mold, Alex, Berridge, Virginia, Gorsky, Martin

Public Health in History Understanding Public Health D
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“This clear and informative volume, packed with rich sources and P ded
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illustrations, will be a must for students and scholars embarking u y
on a study of public health.” b [ Fac
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Professor Hilary Marland, Centre for the History of Medicine, c o
University of Warwick, UK f N
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“This book is comprehensive in the range of areas covered, yet a , Ch
uses case-studies to explore issues in depth. It will be essential l ian
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reading for anyone who works or has an interest in public health h in History ai U
then and now.” in niv
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Professor Michael Worboys, Centre for the History of Science, H rsity
Technology and Medicine, University of Manchester, UK i 5.62
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This fascinating book offers a wide ranging exploration of the history of public ry ] at [0
health and the development of health services over the past two centuries. The 7/1
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book surveys the rise and redefinition of public health since the sanitary revolution /1
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of the mid-nineteenth century, assessing the reforms in the post World War II years ]. C
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and the coming of welfare states. py
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Importantly, the book also includes: t ©
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(cid:2) A comparative examination of why healthcare has taken such cG
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different trajectories in different countries w
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(cid:2) Case studies on malaria, sexual health, alcohol and substance abuse ill G
(cid:2) Exercises enabling readers to easily interact with and critically assess lob
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historical source material l Ed
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(cid:2) Visual materials and illustrations ranging from a fifteenth century atio
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syphilis sufferer to the 1980s HIV/AIDS mass media campaigns H
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Written by a team of historians from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical e ing
Medicine, this is the definitive guide for teaching the history of public health and rr s, L
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health services. dg C. N
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Virginia Berridgeis Professor of History and Director of the Centre for History in Public Health, y ted
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. & or m
Martin Gorskyis Senior Lecturer in History at the Centre for History in Public Health, London Mo odifie
School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. ld d in
Alex Moldis Lecturer in History in the Centre for History an
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in Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical w
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Medicine, UK. w
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Contributors:Maureen Malowany, John Manton o
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and Suzanne Taylor t p
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Virginia Berridge, rm
Cover design Hybert Design (cid:129)www.hybertdesign.com issio
www.openup.co.uk Martin Gorsky & Alex Mold n.
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Public Health in History f N
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D
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Understanding Public Health ad
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Series editors: Ros Plowman and Nicki Thorogood, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine [ F
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(previously edited by Nick Black and Rosalind Raine) cu
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Throughout the world, there is growing recognition of the importance of public health to sustainable, safe and f N
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a new century, there is increasing understanding of the inevitable limits of individual health care and of the need , C
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to complement such services with effective public health strategies. Major improvements in people’s health will ia
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come from controlling communicable diseases, eradicating environmental hazards, improving people’s diets, and gm
enhancing the availability and quality of effective health care. To achieve this, every country needs a cadre of ai U
knowledgeable public health practitioners with social, political and organizational skills to lead and bring about n
changes at international, national and local levels. ive
This is one of a series of books that provides a foundation for those wishing to join in and contribute to the rsity
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twenty-fi rst-century regeneration of public health, helping to put the concerns and perspectives of public health .6
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at the heart of policy-making and service provision. While each book stands alone, together they provide a com- .1
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prehensive account of the three main aims of public health: protecting the public from environmental hazards, 6.8
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high-income countries. Much of the material has been developed and tested with postgraduate students both in /18
face-to-face teaching and through distance learning. /16
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The books are designed for self-directed learning. Each chapter has explicit learning objectives, key terms are o
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postgraduate courses in public health and will also be of interest to public health practitioners and policy-makers. t ©
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Titles in the series -H
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Analytical models for decision making: Colin Sanderson and Reinhold Gruen lo
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Controlling communicable disease: Norman Noah al E
Economic analysis for management and policy: Stephen Jan, Lilani Kumaranayake, Jenny Roberts, Kara Hanson and d
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Kate Archibald ca
Economic evaluation: Julia Fox-Rushby and John Cairns (eds) tio
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Environmental epidemiology: Paul Wilkinson (ed) H
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Environmental health policy: Megan Landon and Tony Fletcher ld
Financial management in health services: Reinhold Gruen and Anne Howarth ing
Global change and health: Kelley Lee and Jeff Collin (eds) s, L
Health care evaluation: Sarah Smith, Don Sinclair, Rosalind Raine and Barnaby Reeves LC
Health promotion practice: Maggie Davies, Wendy Macdowall and Chris Bonell (eds) . N
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Health promotion theory: Maggie Davies and Wendy Macdowall (eds) t to
Introduction to epidemiology, Second Edition: Ilona Carneiro and Natasha Howard b
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Introduction to health economics, Second Edition: Lorna Guinness and Virginia Wiseman (eds) re
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Medical anthropology: Robert Pool and Wenzel Geissler ute
Principles of social research: Judith Green and John Browne (eds) d o
Public health in history: Virginia Berridge, Martin Gorsky and Alex Mold r m
Understanding health services: Nick Black and Reinhold Gruen od
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Forthcoming titles: ny
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Confl ict and health: Egbert Sondorp and Annemarie ter Veen (eds) w
Environment, health and sustainable development, Second Edition: Emma Hutchinson and Megan Landon (eds) itho
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Making health policy, Second Edition: Kent Buse, Nicholas Mays and Gill Walt t p
Sexual health: A public health perspective: Kaye Wellings, Martine Collumbien, Wendy Macdowall and Kirstin Mitchell erm
issio
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Public Health in History u
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Open University Press a
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McGraw-Hill Education lty
McGraw-Hill House of N
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email: [email protected] n
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world wide web: www.openup.co.uk ersity
and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2289, USA 5
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First published 2011 6] a
Copyright © London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine 2011 t [0
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All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism /1
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and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or ]. C
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording op
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or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence from the rig
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Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) t ©
may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, M
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London EC1N 8TS. G
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A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library -H
ISBN-13: 978-0-33-524264-1 (pb) ill Glo
ISBN-10: 0-33-524264-2 (pb) ba
eISBN: 978-0-33-524266-5 l Ed
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data tio
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CIP data applied for H
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Typeset by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk in
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Printed in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow s, L
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Fictitious names of companies, products, people, characters and/or data that may be used . N
herein (in case studies or in examples) are not intended to represent any real individual, o
company, product or event. t to b
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List of fi gures vi ai U
List of tables vii n
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Overview of the book 1 ersity
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1 History in public health: The nature and practice of history 5 .62
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Martin Gorsky, Alex Mold and Virginia Berridge 56
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Section 1: Nineteenth century 21 ] at [0
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2 Public health in the West since 1800: The context 23 /1
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Martin Gorsky /16
3 Public health in the West since 1800: The responses 42 ]. C
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Martin Gorsky py
4 The development of the health professions 58 righ
Virginia Berridge t © M
5 Tropical medicine 74 c
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John Manton raw
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Section 2: Case studies 91 ill G
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6 Case study: Sexual health 93 ba
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Virginia Berridge d
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7 Case study: Substance use 110 atio
Alex Mold n H
8 Case study: Malaria 127 old
Maureen Malowany and Suzanne Taylor ing
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Section 3: Twentieth century 143 LC
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9 Health systems and welfare states in the West, 1880s–1960s 145 ot to
Martin Gorsky b
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10 Public health in the twentieth century I: 1900–1945 162 re
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Virginia Berridge istrib
11 Global health 179 u
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John Manton d o
12 Public health in the twentieth century II: 1945–2000s 195 r m
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Virginia Berridge ifie
13 Using history in policy and practice 211 d in
Virginia Berridge a
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Index 225 y w
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Figure 2.1 Life expectancy in England, 1701–1910 29 ai U
Figure 2.2 Street plan of an area of Nottingham, 1844 37 niv
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FFiigguurree 22..34 VCaauulste psr oivfi edse iant hH aammobnugr gm’s aAlellse yin Q thuea rtteenr years 1851–1860 3398 rsity 5
Figure 3.1 ‘The kind of “assisted emigrant” we cannot afford to admit’, .62
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1883 by F. Graetz 52 56
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Figure 4.1 A (left): Samuel William Fores, ‘Man-midwifery dissected’, 1793. 6
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B (right): T. Rowlandson, A midwife going to a labour, 1811 71 t [0
Figure 5.1 Map of the world showing distribution of Leprosy 78 7/1
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Figure 5.2 A medical missionary attending to a sick African (oil painting by /1
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Harold Copping, 1930) 84 ]. C
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Figure 6.1 Detail of a syphilitic person from Broadsheet: Syphilitic; woodcut p
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ascribed to Albrecht Dürer 96 rig
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Figure 6.2 ‘Syphilis’, 1910, by Richard Cooper 101 t ©
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Figure 6.3 Department of Health AIDS campaign, 1986–1987 106 c
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Figure 7.1 Colour lithograph by T. Nemkova, 1990 113 ra
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Figure 7.2 Mean harm scores for twenty substances 123 -H
Figure 8.1 Categorization of countries as malaria-free, eliminating malaria ill G
or controlling malaria, 2012 128 lob
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Figure 8.2 Three members of the Roman Campagna Malaria Commission l E
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carrying their gear (coloured pen drawing by A. Terzi, c. 1900) 132 uc
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Figure 8.3 Current sources of funds spent on malaria 134 tio
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Figure 9.1 Poster, ‘The Dawn of Hope’, 1911 155 H
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Figure 9.2 Cartoon, ‘Open wide please’, by David Low 159 ldin
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Figure 10.1 Infant mortality per 1000 births, 1841–1945 164 s, L
Figure 10.2 Healthabet 167 L
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Figure 10.3 Hints from the Health Department 171 . N
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Figure 10.4 Field of operations of the International Health Commission, 1916 174 t to
Figure 11.1 Layout of working place of yaws eradication team 184 be
Figure 11.2 Worldmapper Map No. 213: Public Health Spending 192 red
Figure 12.1 Age standardized mortality rates by cause of death and sex in istrib
England and Wales, 1917–2007 197 ute
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List of tables d b
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Table 2.1 Life expectancy (years) in several Western countries, 1750–1993 28 ai U
Table 2.2 Life expectancy gains in England (1871–1951) and Italy n
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Table 2 .3 (P1o8p8u1la–t1io9n5 1g)r obwy tcho natnrdib uurtbinagn iczaautisoens of death 3314 ersity 5
Table 2.4 The growth of major cities 34 .62
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Table 3.1 Mortality and social conditions in Paris, 1817–1821 47 5
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Table 7.1 The percentage of men and women aged 16 and over who .86
smoked in Britain, 1948–2008 117 ] at [0
Table 7.2 The harm matrix 122 7/1
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Disclaimer op
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Every effort has been made to obtain permission from copyright holders to reproduce t ©
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