PUBLIC HEALTH ENTOMOLOGY

323 Pages·2022·35.606 MB·English

by  JEROME GODDARD

Public Health
Entomology

Public Health
Entomology
2nd edition
Jerome Goddard
Cover design: Laura C. McKee
Photos and specimens: U.S. Air Force C-130 spraying for mosquitoes after Hurricane Katrina.
(USAF photo courtesy of Paul Schwarzburg and Lt. Col. Mark Breidenbaugh.) Flea specimen.
(Courtesy of Lawrence Bircham.) Mosquito feeding. (Photo courtesy of the Centers for
Disease Control.) Larval tick. (Photo by Jerome Goddard.) Hard tick. (Photo courtesy of Dr.
Lorenza Beati, U.S. National Tick Collection, Statesboro, GA.)
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2022 Jerome Goddard
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Goddard, Jerome, author.
Title: Public health entomology / Jerome Goddard.
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2022. | Includes bibliographical
references and index. | Summary: “This second edition of Public Health Entomology
maps onto Certifcate courses in public health entomology offered by universities and
U.S. Centers of Excellence. It comprehensively examines vector-borne disease prevention,
surveillance, and control from a governmental and public health perspective with
worldwide application”— Provided by publisher.
Identifers: LCCN 2021043516 (print) | LCCN 2021043517 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367636470
(hardback) | ISBN 9780367636463 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003120087 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Insects as carriers of disease. | Entomology. | MESH: Insect Control—
methods | Insect Vectors—pathogenicity | Insect Bites and Stings—complications
Classifcation: LCC RA639.5 (print) | LCC RA639.5 (ebook) | NLM WA 110 |
DDC 616.9/68—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021043516
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021043517
ISBN: 978-0-367-63647-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-63646-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-12008-7 (ebk)
Typeset in Palatino
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Dedication
To my graduate students (Minor Professor):
Flavia Ferrari (Ph.D.), Jessica Aycock (M.S.),
and Jillian Masters (M.S.). (Major Professor):
Kristine Edwards (Ph.D.), Lauren Goltz (M.S.),
Gail Moraru (Ph.D.), Wendy Varnado (Ph.D.),
Santos Portugal (Ph.D.), Tina Nations (Ph.D.),
Sarah McInnis (M.S.), Grant de Jong (Ph.D.),
Michelle Allerdice (Ph.D.), Alyssa Snellgrove (Ph.D.),
and Afsoon Sabet (M.S.).
More than you know, all of you have enriched my life
and Rosella and I cherish the times we had with you.

Contents
Foreword ..........................................................................................................xiii
Preface................................................................................................................ xv
Acknowledgments .........................................................................................xvii
About the Author............................................................................................ xix
Section I: Essentials of Public Health and Entomology
Chapter 1 History of Medical Entomology
and Public Health ������������������������������������������������������������������������3
Introduction and Background...........................................................................3
Medical Entomology versus Public Health Entomology..............................4
Historical Aspects of Medical Entomology.....................................................4
Malaria as an Example of Historic Public Health Entomology ............6
Malaria in Mississippi.................................................................................7
Regional Differences/Patterns of Outbreaks.........................................11
Factors Contributing to Malaria in Mississippi.....................................12
Pesticides and Entomologists in the Fight against Malaria
in Mississippi.........................................................................................15
Inception of the Centers for Disease Control................................................18
Military Medical Entomology.........................................................................21
Early Beginnings of Public Health..................................................................25
Public Health in General..................................................................................27
The Ten Essential Public Health Services ......................................................29
Public Health Administration .........................................................................30
Health Laws and Regulations .........................................................................35
Prosecution Issues.............................................................................................35
References...........................................................................................................35
Chapter 2 Pest Control in Modern Public Health�����������������������������������39
Role of Pesticides in Public Health.................................................................39
Pesticide Laws and Registration.....................................................................39
Obtaining Pesticide User Certifcation and Licenses............................41
vii
viii Contents
Pesticide Applicator Certifcations.........................................................41
Pest Control Licenses................................................................................ 43
Pest Management Consultant Licenses ................................................. 44
Permits........................................................................................................ 44
NPDES Guidelines Impacting Pesticide Applications ........................ 45
History and Current Status of Pesticides...................................................... 47
Lack of Pesticides: A Cause for Future Concern.......................................... 53
GMO Mosquitoes and Other Emerging Control Technologies................. 54
References.......................................................................................................... 57
Chapter 3 Setting Up a Public Health Entomology Program �������������� 61
Structure, Organization, and Classifcation Issues...................................... 61
Clarifcation of the Public Health Entomologist’s Role ..............................66
Private versus Public Pest Problems...................................................... 66
Duties of the Public Health Entomologist............................................. 67
Providing Entomology Training .................................................................... 72
Medical Student and Laboratory Technician Training........................ 74
Sanitarian or Environmental Health Specialist Training ..................... 76
Role of Public Health Veterinarians in Entomological
Training.................................................................................................. 78
References.......................................................................................................... 79
Chapter 4 Vector-Borne Disease Surveillance ��������������������������������������� 81
Overview of Surveillance Types .................................................................... 81
Sentinel Birds.............................................................................................82
Advantages of Using Chickens and Other Birds .......................... 83
Disadvantages of Using Chickens and Other
Captive Birds ................................................................................. 84
Wild Bird Surveillance ............................................................................. 84
Disadvantages of Wild Bird Surveillance....................................... 86
Surveillance Using Nonhuman Mammals............................................86
Human Case Surveillance........................................................................ 87
Mosquito Surveillance.............................................................................. 89
Advantages of Mosquito Surveillance............................................ 90
Disadvantages of Mosquito Surveillance....................................... 90
Mosquito Surveillance..................................................................................... 90
Mosquito Surveillance Networks........................................................... 90
Mosquito Egg Surveys ............................................................................. 91
Larval Surveys........................................................................................... 93
Adult Surveys............................................................................................ 97
Landing Counts......................................................................................... 98
Daytime Resting Stations....................................................................... 100
Light Traps............................................................................................... 100
Contents ix
Oviposition or Gravid Traps ..................................................................102
Preserving Adult Mosquitoes ................................................................102
Tick Surveillance .............................................................................................104
Habitat Mapping and Record Keeping.................................................105
References.........................................................................................................107
Chapter 5 Regulatory, Political, and Legal Challenges �����������������������109
Helper versus Enforcer...................................................................................109
Pests and Nuisances .......................................................................................109
Public Health Emergencies............................................................................112
Enabling Legislation.......................................................................................112
When Politics Interferes with Public Health...............................................114
Antivaccination and Antipesticide Fears .............................................114
Using Politics to Avoid Enforcement ....................................................117
Establishing Collaborations with Public Offcials...............................117
Legal Aspects of Entomology and Pest Control..................................118
Ways for a Public Health Entomologist to Avoid Lawsuits...............120
Cases That End Up in Court...................................................................121
Daubert Rules of Evidence Admissibility ............................................123
References.........................................................................................................124
Chapter 6 Public Health Entomology Preparedness ����������������������������127
Disease Emergence .........................................................................................127
Role of Climate Change in Vector-Borne Disease Outbreaks ...................132
Prevention of Human Risks Associated with Travel and
Arthropod Contact.....................................................................................133
Disaster Vector Control ..................................................................................133
Pests Involved ..........................................................................................136
Pest Control Options ...............................................................................138
Role of FEMA after Natural Disasters ..................................................139
Military Aerial Spraying Capability......................................................142
How the Military Spray System Works................................................145
Air Force Response to Hurricane Katrina ............................................146
Mississippi Department of Health Katrina Experience......................147
References.........................................................................................................159
Chapter 7 Operational Research Opportunities in Public Health
Entomology �������������������������������������������������������������������������������163
Background and Purpose of Research in Public Health Entomology ...... 163
Types of Research.....................................................................................163
Funding Sources and Examples of State Labs ............................................169
Collaborative Research...................................................................................170
References.........................................................................................................171