Public Health and Nutrition in Developing Countries (Part I and II)

1251 Pages·2015·23.893 MB·English

by  Sheila Chander Vir

Part 1
Edited by Sheila Chander Vir
WPI
Part 2
Edited by Sheila Chander Vir
WPI
Public health nutrition
in
developing countries

Public health nutrition
in
developing countries
Part - I
Edited by
Sheila Chander Vir
W
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Dedicated to my mother
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in fond memory of their love, blessings, inspiration and
encouragement.

Contents
Contents
Foreword xxv
Preface xxix
List of Contributors xxxiii
Part - I
1. Principles of epidemiology and epidemiologic 1
methods
Sanjay P. Zodpey
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 What is epidemiology? 1
1.3 Development in epidemiologic methods 2
1.4 Epidemiological reasoning 3
1.5 Classifying epidemiologic study methods 4
References 24
2. Nutrition epidemiology for developing countries 25
Usha Ramakrishnan and Ines G. Casanova
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Epidemiological studies 26
2.3 Nutritional epidemiology – measurement 33
2.4 Importance of nutrition epidemiology in developing countries 43
2.5 Nutrition epidemiology and public health nutrition 44
References 47
3. Undernutrition in children 50
Sheila C. Vir
3.1 Undernutrition, child survival and millennium development 50
goals
3.2 Undernutrition in children – stunting, underweight and 52
wasting
viii Contents
3.3 Undernutrition and age trend 52
3.4 Stunting, underweight and wasting – an overview of 56
the global situation
3.5 Determinants of undernutrition 61
3.6 Maternal and child undernutrition – evidence for actions 68
3.7 Addressing undernutrition in children – a life cycle approach 75
References 80
4. Dual nutrition burden in women: causes, 86
consequences, and control measures
Prema Ramachandran
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Emergence of dual nutrition burden in India 87
4.3 Nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women 90
4.4 Interventions to improve dietary intake and nutritional status 95
in women
4.5 Factors responsible for the emerging problem of overnutrition 97
4.6 Undernutrition – overnutrition linkages 101
4.7 Summary and conclusion 104
References 106
5. Measuring undernutrition and overnutrition in 108
children
Dheeraj Shah and H.P.S. Sachdev
5.1 Introduction 108
5.2 Anthropometric techniques 109
5.3 Comparison of indices with references 131
5.4 Cut-offs 135
5.5 Growth references 136
5.6 Undernutrition 145
References 149
6. Essential new-born care and child survival 151
Richa Singh Pandey and Sheila C. Vir
6.1 Neonatal period – a risky start to childhood 151
6.2 Millennium development goal 4 (MDG-4) and neonatal 153
mortality
6.3 Neonatal mortality – an Indian perspective 154
6.4 Neonatal mortality – direct and underlying determinants 155
6.5 Continuum of care – a comprehensive approach to saving 156
newborn lives