Psychology Perspectives and Connections

801 Pages·2011·83.367 MB·English

by  Gregory J. Feist, Erika Rosenberg

What does a zebra have to do
with psychology?

It’s here to remind us that in psychology, not everything is black and white. Take for example this
text that you are holding in your hands. It’s more than just a textbook. Did you know that this text is
available with digital tools that can help you get a better grade?
What if . . .
■ You had a way to know precisely what to study before a test?
■ You had a way of knowing exactly where you stand—not just from exams, but throughout
the course?
■ You could get your e-textbook and learning resources for half the price of this printed textbook?
■ You had 24–7 access to a resource that helps identify your weaknesses in the course and provides a
personalized study plan for improvement?
Connect Psychology was made for you—today’s student. McGraw Hill’s groundbreaking adaptive
diagnostic tool helps you “know what you know” while guiding you to experience and learn what you
don’t know through interactivities, exercises, and readings. Your performance could jump by a letter
grade or more! This text is now available with Connect Psychology. Ask your professor about it today,
or to experience Connect Psychology for yourself, visit www.shopmcgrawhill.com.
M
D
D
A
L
I
M
#
1
1
6
0
1
5
4
8
/1
7
/1
1
C
Y
A
N
M
A
G
Y Open the book to learn more!
E
L
O
B
L
K
ISBN 978-0-07-803520-3
MHID 0-07-803520-1
90000
E
A
N
9 780078 035203
www.mhhe.com
PSYCHOLOGY
Perspectives & Connections
ffeeii3355220011__ffmm__ppppii--xxxxxxvvii..iinndddd ii 99//22//1111 1111::1155 AAMM
PSYCHOLOGY
ffeeii3355220011__ffmm__ppppii--xxxxxxvvii..iinndddd iiii 99//22//1111 1111::1155 AAMM
SECOND EDITION
Perspectives
& Connections
Gregory J. Feist
San Jose State University
Erika L. Rosenberg
University of California, Davis
ffeeii3355220011__ffmm__ppppii--xxxxxxvvii..iinndddd iiiiii 99//22//1111 1111::1155 AAMM
Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of
the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012, 2010. All rights reserved. No part of
this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or
transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN: 978-0-07-803520-3
MHID: 0-07-803520-1
Executive Editor: Krista Bettino Vice President Editorial: Michael Ryan
Executive Marketing Manager: Julia Flohr Publisher: Mike Sugarman
Larkin Editorial Director: William Glass
Developmental Editor: Arthur Pomponio Senior Director of Development: Dawn
Production Editor: Catherine Morris Groundwater
Manuscript Editor: Joan Pendleton
Design Manager and Interior Designer: Cover: © Catherine Ledner/Stone+/Getty
Jeanne Schreiber Images
Cover Design Manager: Cassandra Chu
Cover Designer: Linda Beaupre Credits: The credits section for this book
Art Editor: Ayelet Arbel begins on page C-1 and is considered an
Illustrators: John and Judy Waller, Robin extension of the copyright page.
Mouat
Photo Research Coordinator: Alexandra
Ambrose
Photo Researcher: Judy Mason
Buyer: Laura Fuller
Media Project Manager: Sarah Hill
Digital Product Manager: Jay Gubernick
Composition: 10/13 Sabon by Thompson
Type
Printing: 45# Liberty Dull, R.R. Donnelley &
Sons
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The
inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and
McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Feist, Gregory J.
Psychology : perspectives & connections / Gregory Feist, Erika Rosenberg.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-07-803520-3 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-07-803520-1 (alk. paper)
1. Psychology—Textbooks. I. Rosenberg, Erika L. II. Title.
BF121.F32 2012
150—dc23
2011029216
www.mhhe.com
ffeeii3355220011__ffmm__ppppii--xxxxxxvvii..iinndddd iivv 99//22//1111 1111::1166 AAMM
To our most precious collaborative work,
Jerry and Evan
ffeeii3355220011__ffmm__ppppii--xxxxxxvvii..iinndddd vv 99//22//1111 1111::1166 AAMM
About the Authors
Gregory J. Feist
Gregory J. Feist is Associate Professor of Psychology in Personality and
Adult Development at San Jose State University. He has also taught at
the College of William & Mary and the University of California,
Davis. He received his PhD from the University of California,
Berkeley, and his undergraduate degree from the University of
Massachusetts–Amherst.
Dr. Feist is widely published in the psychology of creativ-
ity, the psychology of science, and the development of scientific
talent. One of his major goals is establishing the psychology of
science as a healthy and independent study of science, along
the lines of the history, philosophy, and sociology of science.
Toward this end, Dr. Feist has published a book titled Psychol-
ogy of Science and the Origins of the Scientific Mind (2006, Yale University
Press), which was awarded the 2007 William James Book Prize by the Division
of General Psychology, American Psychological Association (APA). In addition,
he is the founding president of the International Society for the Psychology of
Science and Technology and the founding editor-in-chief of the peer-reviewed
Journal of Psychology of Science & Technology.
A second major focus for Dr. Feist is the identification and development of
scientific talent, as seen in finalists of the Westinghouse and Intel Science Talent
Search. His paper (co-authored with Frank Barron) “Predicting Creativity from
Early to Late Adulthood: Intellect, Potential, and Personality” won Article of
the Year for 2003 in the Journal of Research in Personality. His research in
creativity has been recognized by an Early Career Award from the Division for
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts (Division 10) of the American
Psychological Association (APA). Dr. Feist is past president of APA’s Division
10 and has served on the editorial boards of the Review of General Psychology,
Journal of Research in Personality, and Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity
and the Arts. His teaching efforts have been recognized by outstanding teach-
ing awards at both UC Berkeley and UC Davis. Dr. Feist is also co-author with
his father, Jess Feist, of the undergraduate text Theories of Personality.
Married to Erika Rosenberg, Dr. Feist is the father of Jerry and Evan.
vi ABOUT THE AUTHORS
ffeeii3355220011__ffmm__ppppii--xxxxxxvvii..iinndddd vvii 99//22//1111 1111::1166 AAMM
Erika L. Rosenberg
Erika L. Rosenberg is an emotions researcher, health psychologist, and
teacher of meditation. Her research on emotion has examined how
feelings are revealed in facial expressions, how social factors influence
emotional signals, and how anger affects cardiovascular health. Dr.
Rosenberg received her PhD in psychology from the University of
California, San Francisco, where she studied with Paul Ekman. Dr.
Rosenberg served on the faculties at the University of Delaware
and the College of William & Mary and currently is at the Center
for Mind and Brain at the University of California, Davis, where
she is a senior investigator on the Shamatha Project (at UC Davis),
a multidisciplinary study of how intensive meditation affects cogni-
tion, emotion, and neurophysiology. She is a co-author of studies
from this project, which are published in Psychological Science, Emotion, and
Psychoneuroendocrinology.
Dr. Rosenberg is a world-renowned expert in facial expressions measure-
ment using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). She consults with scien-
tists, artists, and the entertainment industry on the use of FACS in a variety of
contexts, including her role as scientific consultant on the Fox TV show Lie to
Me. She teaches FACS workshops worldwide.
A longtime practitioner of meditation, Erika Rosenberg serves on the
faculty of Nyingma Institute of Tibetan Studies in Berkeley, where she teaches
meditation courses and workshops for working with emotions in daily life.
Recently, Erika helped develop a secular compassion-training program with
Geshe Thupten Jinpa, PhD, at the Center for Compassion and Altruism
Research and Education at Stanford University, where she is a senior teacher.
Recently, Dr. Rosenberg presented this program to His Holiness the Dalai
Lama and taught the program at Google and throughout the Bay Area. Dr.
Rosenberg is a senior fellow at the Mind and Life Institute.
Dr. Rosenberg and her husband, Greg Feist, have two sons, Jerry and
Evan. They live in the San Francisco Bay Area.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS vii
ffeeii3355220011__ffmm__ppppii--xxxxxxvvii..iinndddd vviiii 99//22//1111 1111::1166 AAMM
Brief Contents
1
Introduction to Psychology 2
2
Conducting Research in Psychology 36
3
The Biology of Behavior 74
4
Sensing and Perceiving Our World 122
5
Human Development 168
6
Consciousness 224
7
Memory 266
8
Learning 304
9
Language and Thought 346
10
Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Creativity 384
11
Motivation and Emotion 424
12
Stress and Health 474
13
Personality: The Uniqueness of the Individual 510
14
Social Behavior 546
15
Psychological Disorders 586
16
Treatment of Psychological Disorders 628
viii BRIEF CONTENTS
ffeeii3355220011__ffmm__ppppii--xxxxxxvvii..iinndddd vviiiiii 99//22//1111 1111::1166 AAMM
Contents
Foreword by Paul Ekman xxi
Preface: Don’t Believe Everything You Think xxii
1
Introduction to Psychology 2
What Is Psychology? 5
Psychology Defined 5
Why Should You Study Psychology? 6
Subdisciplines of Psychology 7
Psychology in the Real World: Why Psychology Is Importantt
to My Life 8
The Origins of Psychology 12
A Brief History of the Practice of Clinical Psychology 12
A Brief History of Scientific Psychology 16
Ways of Thinking About Mind, Body, and Experience 23
The Nature–Nurture Debate 23
Mind–Body Dualism 24
The Evolution of Human Behavior 25
No One Perspective Tells the Whole Story in Psychology 28
Don’t Believe Everything You Think 28
Connections Within and Between Chapters 30
Research to Real Life 30
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychology 31
Chapter Review 33
2
Conducting Research in
Psychology 36
The Nature of Science 39
Common Sense and Logic 39
The Limits of Observation 39
What Is Science? 40
Research to Real Life 41
The Scientific Method 42
CONTENTS ix
ffeeii3355220011__ffmm__ppppii--xxxxxxvvii..iinndddd iixx 99//22//1111 1111::1166 AAMM