Psychology: Modules for Active Learning

864 Pages·2011·1.97 MB·English

by  Dennis Coon

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T W E L F T H E D I T I O N
Psychology
Modules for Active Learning
Dennis Coon
John O. Mitterer
Brock University
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain
United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Psychology: Modules for Active Learning, © 2012, 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Twelfth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
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For our precious wives, Sevren and Heather
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
About the Authors
Dr. Coon, after earning John Mitterer was
a doctorate in psychol- awarded his doctorate
ogy from the University in cognitive psychology
of Arizona, taught for from McMaster Univer-
22 years at Santa Bar- sity. Dr. Mitterer cur-
bara City College, Cali- rently teaches at Brock
fornia. Th roughout his University, where he has
career, Dr. Coon has taught over 25,000 in-
especially enjoyed the troductory psychology
Dennis Coon © Hank Morgan/Rainbow ctHhrhaoeavd lealu encnrdtego theur iyors n fw etpeidfsae yc,tc hSohi enovTglor ueigncny--,. © Hank Morgan/Rainbow srUTetuencaidipvceeihnerinstnsittg. y oDfHA isetwth ianerg idsuB ,i srhothaecdnke
son, where he continues John O. Mitterer Ontario Confederation
to teach, write, edit, and of University Faculty
consult. Associations Teaching Award, a National 3M Teaching Fellow-
He is the author of Introduction to Psychology and Psy- ship, and the Canadian Psychological Association Award for
chology: A Journey, as well as Psychology: Modules for Active Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in
Learning. Together, these texts have been used by more than Psychology.
2 million students. Dr. Coon frequently serves as a reviewer Dr. Mitterer’s primary research focus is on basic cogni-
and consultant to publishers, and he edited the best-selling tive processes in learning and teaching. While he has con-
trade book Choices. He also helped design modules for sulted for a variety of companies, he currently devotes his
PsychNow!, Wadsworth’s interactive CD-ROM. energy to applying cognitive principles to the improvement
In his leisure hours, Dr. Coon enjoys hiking, photogra- of undergraduate education. In support of his introductory
phy, painting, woodworking, and music. He also designs, psychology course, he has been involved in the creation of
builds, and plays classical and steel string acoustic guitars. textbooks and ancillary materials such as CD-ROMs and
He has published articles on guitar design and occasionally websites for both students and instructors. Dr. Mitterer has
off ers lectures on this topic, in addition to his more frequent published and lectured on undergraduate instruction
presentations on psychology. throughout Canada and the United States.
In his spare time, Dr. Mitterer strives to become a better
golfer and to attain his life goal of seeing all of the bird spe-
cies in the world. To this end he recently traveled to the
Galapagos Islands, Papua New Guinea, and Uganda.
iv
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Brief Contents
INTRODUCTION The Psychology of Studying—Refl ective Learning 1
1
Discovering Psychology and Research Methods 12
2
Brain and Behavior 56
3
Human Development 96
4
Sensation and Perception 150
5
States of Consciousness 204
6
Conditioning and Learning 248
7
Memory 290
8
Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence 332
9
Motivation and Emotion 376
10
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 418
11
Personality 458
12
Health, Stress, and Coping 502
13
Psychological Disorders 542
14
Therapies 584
15
Social Behavior 626
16
Applied Psychology 674
APPENDIX Behavioral Statistics 712
REFERENCES R-1
NAME INDEX N-1
SUBJECT INDEX/GLOSSARY S-1
v
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents
Preface xxv
Introduction The Psychology of Studying—Refl ective Learning 1
Refl ective Test Taking—Are You “Test Wise”? 8
Refl ective Reading—How to Tame a Textbook 2
General Test-Taking Skills 8
How to Use Psychology: Modules for Active Learning 3
Using Digital Media—Netting New Knowledge 9
Refl ective Note Taking—LISAN Up! 4
Psychology CourseMate 9
Using and Reviewing Your Notes 5
CengageNOW 9
Refl ective Study Strategies—Making a Habit of Success 5
Self-Regulated Learning—Academic All-Stars 6 Cengage’s Psychology Resource Center 9
Procrastination—Avoiding the Last-Minute Blues 7 Psychology Websites 10
A Final Word 10
Time Management 7
Goal Setting 7 Knowledge Builder: Study Skills 11
Make Learning an Adventure 7
1
Discovering Psychology and Research Methods 12
1.1
module 1.3
module
The Science of Psychology 14
History and
Psychology—Behave Yourself! 14 Contemporary Perspectives 26
Seeking Empirical Evidence 14
A Brief History of Psychology—Psychology’s Family
CRITICAL THINKING Testing Commonsense Beliefs 15
Album 26
Psychological Research 15
Structuralism 26
Psychology’s Goals 17
Functionalism 26
module1.1 Summary 18
Behaviorism 27
Knowledge Builder: Th e Science of Psychology 18
Gestalt Psychology 28
1.2 Psychoanalytic Psychology 28
module
Humanistic Psychology 29
Critical Thinking and the Scientifi c
Th e Role of Diversity in Psychology’s Early Days 30
Method in Psychology 19 Psychology Today—Three Complementary Perspectives
on Behavior 31
Critical Thinking—Take It with a Grain of Salt 19
Th e Biological Perspective 31
Th inking about Behavior 19
Pseudopsychologies—Palms, Planets, and Personality 20 Th e Psychological Perspective 31
Th e Sociocultural Perspective 31
Problems in the Stars 21
Scientifi c Research—How to Think Like a Psychologist 22 module1.3 Summary 33
Th e Scientifi c Method 23 Knowledge Builder: History and Contemporary
module1.2 Summary 25 Perspectives 34
Knowledge Builder: Critical Th inking and the Scientifi c
Method in Psychology 25
vii
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
viii CONTENTS
1.4 1.6
module module
Psychologists and Their Specialties 35 Nonexperimental
Psychologists—Guaranteed Not to Shrink 35 Research Methods 46
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY Is a Career in Nonexperimental Psychological Research—
Psychology Right for You? 37
Different Strokes 46
Other Mental Health Professionals 37
Naturalistic Observation 46
Th e Profession of Psychology 37
Correlational Studies 47
Specialties in Psychology 38
Th e Clinical Method 48
module1.4 Summary 38
Survey Method—Here, Have a Sample 49
Knowledge Builder: Psychologists and Th eir Specialties 39 module1.6 Summary 51
Knowledge Builder: Nonexperimental Research Methods 52
1.5
module
The Psychology Experiment 40 1.7
module
Psychology in Action: Psychology
The Psychology Experiment—Where Effect Meets
Cause 40 in the Media 53
Variables and Groups 40
Psychology in the Media—Seeking Klingon Interpreter 53
CRITICAL THINKING That’s Interesting, But Is It
Knowledge Builder: Psychology in the Media 55
Ethical? 42
Double Blind—On Placebos and Self-Fulfi lling Summary: Psychology in Action 55
Prophecies 42 Interactive Learning 55
Research Participant Bias 43
Researcher Bias 43
module1.5 Summary 44
Knowledge Builder: Th e Psychology Experiment 45
2
Brain and Behavior 56
module2.1 Mapping Brain Function—Figuring Out What the Parts
Neurons and the Nervous System 58 Do 69
EEG 70
Neurons—Building a “Biocomputer” 58
PET Scan 71
Parts of a Neuron 58
fMRI 72
Th e Nerve Impulse 58 module2.2 Summary 72
Synapses and Neurotransmitters 61
Knowledge Builder: Brain Research 73
Neural Networks 62
CRITICAL THINKING You Can Change Your Mind, But 2.3
module
Can You Change Your Brain? 63
Hemispheres and Lobes
The Nervous System—Wired for Action 64
Th e Peripheral Nervous System 64 of the Cerebral Cortex 74
Th e Spinal Cord 64
The Cerebral Cortex—My, What a Wrinkled Brain You
module2.1 Summary 66
Have! 74
CRITICAL THINKING Repairing Your Brain 67
Cerebral Hemispheres 75
Knowledge Builder: Neurons and the Nervous System 68
THE CLINICAL FILE A Stroke of Bad Luck 76
Hemispheric Specialization 76
2.2
module Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex 78
Brain Research 69 CRITICAL THINKING Mirror, Mirror in the Brain 80
Mapping Brain Structure—Pieces of the Puzzle 69 HUMAN DIVERSITY His and Her Brains? 81
module2.3 Summary 82
CT Scan 69
Knowledge Builder: Hemispheres and Lobes of the Cerebral
MRI Scan 69
Cortex 83
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.