Psychology in Everday Life David Myers PDF
Preview Psychology in Everday Life David Myers
TThhiinnkkiinngg CCrriittiiccaallllyy WWiitthh PPssyycchhoollooggiiccaall SScciieennccee Chapter 1 AP Psychology ~ Ms. Justice The Monty Hall Problem: Common Sense or Statistics? BBIIGG IIDDEEAASS The Need for Psychological Science 1: Why are the answers that flow from the scientific approach more reliable than those based on intuition and common sense? 22:: WWhhaatt aarree 33 mmaaiinn ccoommppoonneennttss ooff tthhee sscciieennttiiffiicc aattttiittuuddee?? How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions? 3: How do theories advance psychological science? 4: How do psychologists observe and describe behavior? 5: What are positive and negative correlations, and why do they enable prediction but not cause-effect explanation? 6: What are illusory correlations? 7: How do experiments, powered by random assignment, clarify cause and effect? BBIIGG IIDDEEAASS Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life 8: How can we describe data with measures of central tendency and variation? 99:: WWhhaatt pprriinncciipplleess ccaann gguuiiddee oouurr mmaakkiinngg ggeenneerraalliizzaattiioonnss ffrroomm ssaammpplleess aanndd ddeecciiddiinngg wwhheetthheerr ddiiffffeerreenncceess aarree ssiiggnniiffiiccaanntt?? Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology 10: Can laboratory experiments illuminate everyday life? 11: Does behavior depend on one’s culture and gender? 12: Why do psychologists study animals, and is it ethical to experiment on animals? 13: Is it ethical to experiment on people? 14: Is psychology free of value judgments? 1: Why are the answers that flow from the scientific approach more reliable than those based on intuition and common sense? § Many people believe that intuition and common sense are enough to bring forth answers regarding human nature. § Intuition and common sense may aid queries, but they are not free of error. §§ BBeeccaauussee ooff hhiinnddssiigghhtt bbiiaass and judgmental overconfidence, we cannot rely solely on intuition and common sense. HHiinnddssiigghhtt BBiiaass:: the “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon. § After learning the outcome of an eevveenntt,, mmaannyy ppeeooppllee bbeelliieevvee tthheeyy ccoouulldd hhaavvee pprreeddiicctteedd tthhaatt vveerryy oouuttccoommee.. § Common sense more easily describes what has happened than what will happen. § We only knew the subprime housing market would crash after it actually did crash. OOvveerrccoonnffiiddeennccee: Sometimes we think we know more than we actually know. Anagrams .. WWRREEAATT WWAATTEERR How long do you think it would . take to unscramble these anagrams? ETYRN .ENTRY . GRABE BARGE . People said it would take about 10 seconds, yet on average they took about 3 minutes (Goranson, 1978). 2: What are 3 main components of the scientific attitude? The scientific attitude is composed of: § curiosity (passion for exploration) § skepticism (doubting and questioning) aanndd § humility (ability to accept responsibility when wrong)
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