Psychology for Dummies (2nd edition 2013) PDF
Preview Psychology for Dummies (2nd edition 2013)
Psychology For Dummies®, 2nd Edition Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on- demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Control Number: 2013936850 ISBN 978-1-11860359-8 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-118-61132-6 (ebk); ISBN 978- 1-118-61139-5 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-61142-5 (ebk) Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Psychology For Dummies®, 2nd Edition Visit www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/psychology to view this book's cheat sheet. Table of Contents Introduction About This Book Foolish Assumptions Icons Used In This Book Beyond the Book Where to Go from Here Part I: Getting Started with Psychology Chapter 1: Seeing the Purpose of Psychology What Is Psychology? Whys, hows, and whats Building a person Finding the function Checking the Parts List Troubleshooting Finding Professional Help Putting It into Practice Chapter 2: Making Sense of What People Do: Psychology Essentials Finding a Framework Biological Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Behaviorism Cognitive Humanistic and existential Sociocultural Feminism Postmodernism Working with the Biopsychosocial Model Feeling out the role of the body Thinking about the role of the mind Observing the role of the outside world Resolving the Nature versus Nurture Debate Branching Off Seeking Truth Applying the scientific method Developing a good theory Researching Matters Understanding descriptive research Doing experimental research Measuring one, measuring all with statistics Relating variables: Correlation versus causation Doing nothing is something: The placebo effect Part II: Picking Your Brain (And Body) Chapter 3: Hardware, Software, and Wetware Believing in Biology Recognizing the Body’s Control Room Tiptoeing into the periphery Moving to the center Running Like a Well-Oiled Machine: Body Systems Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Finding Out About Cells and Chemicals Crossing the divide Branching out Activating brain change Finding Destiny with DNA Understanding Psychopharmacology Easing depression Shushing the voices Relaxing Undergoing No-Knife Brain Surgery Chapter 4: Conscious Beings Exploring the Horizons of Awareness Catching some zzzzs Understanding tired brains, slipping minds Arriving at Work Naked: Dreams Altering Your Consciousness Mind on the mind (meditative states) Getting high on conscious life Falling into hypnosis Chapter 5: Getting Sensitive Building Blocks: Our Senses The sensing process Seeing Hearing Touching and feeling pain Smelling and tasting Balancing and moving Finishing the Product: Perception Organizing by Principles Part III: Thinking and Feeling and Acting Chapter 6: Thinking and Speaking Finding Out What’s On Your Mind Thinking Like a PC Computing Representing Processing Exploring Operations of the Mind Focusing your attention Packing it away in the ol’ memory box Conceptualizing Making decisions Thinking You’re Pretty Smart Considering the factors of intelligence Getting a closer look Adding in street smarts Excelling with multiple intelligences Making the grade — on a curve Figuring Out Language Babel-On Sounds, bites, pieces, and pieces Chapter 7: How Does That Make You Feel? Calling on Tony for Some Motivation Trusting your instincts Feeling needy Arousing interest in prime rib Getting cheaper long distance is rewarding Facing your opponent-process theory Knowing who’s the boss Launching Countless Bad Poems: Emotions Finding out which comes first, the body or the mind? Expressing yourself Feeling the power of love Acknowledging anger Checking out happy Discovering your smart heart: Emotional intelligence and styles Chapter 8: Barking up the Learning Tree: Dogs, Cats, and Rats Learning to Behave Drooling like Pavlov’s Dogs Conditioning responses and stimuli Becoming extinct Classic generalizing and discriminating Conditioning rules! Battling theories: Why does conditioning work? Studying Thorndike’s Cats Reinforcing the Rat Case Finding the right reinforcer Using punishment Scheduling and timing reinforcement Becoming Aware of Stimulus Control and Operant Generalization Discovering Operant Discrimination Part IV: Me, You, and Everything in Between Chapter 9: Developing an Award-Winning Personality Knowing Who’s a Nerd Getting into the Mood with Freud Having unique memories Getting down with id, ego, and superego Thinking about sex Being defensive? I’m not defensive! Going Beyond Freud Heinz Hartmann Robert White Erik Erikson Relating to Object(s) Self Psychology Object Relations Learning from Others Representing Ourselves Schemas Scripts Getting the Magic Number 5 Chapter 10: Catching the First Boat off Isolation Island Feeling Self-Conscious Becoming aware of your body Keeping it private Showing it off Identifying Yourself Forging a personal identity Carving out a social identity Mustering up some self-esteem Getting Attached Realizing even monkeys get the blues Attaching with style Cavorting with Family and Friends Parenting with panache Embracing your rival: Siblings Getting chummy Understanding Person Perception Explaining others Explaining yourself Communicating Is Easier Said Than Done Asking questions Explaining Listening Asserting yourself Chapter 11: Conforming Like a Contortionist: Social Psychology Playing Your Part Ganging Up in a Group Conforming Doing better with help Kicking back Remaining anonymous Thinking as one Persuading Being Mean Acting naturally Being frustrated Doing what’s learned Lending a Helping Hand Why help? When to help? Who gives and receives help? Birds of a Feather . . . or Not Finding out about isms Understanding discrimination Making contact Chapter 12: Growing Up with Psychology Beginning with Conception and Birth X’s and Y’s get together . . . Uniting and dividing all in one night Going from Diapers to Drool Survival instincts Motoring about Flexing their muscles Scheduling time for schemata Getting your sensorimotor running Learning within the lines Saying what you think Blooming social butterflies Getting on the Big Yellow Bus Mastering the crayon Being preoperational doesn’t mean you’re having surgery In the zone Becoming even more social Agonizing over Adolescence Pining over puberty Moving away from parents Existing as a Grown-Up Looking at you Connecting and working Aging and Geropsychology Chapter 13: Modern Abnormal Psychology Figuring Out What’s Normal Categorizing Symptoms and Disorders Grasping for Reality Schizophrenia Struggling with other types of psychoses Feeling Funky Staying in the rut of major depression Riding the waves of bipolar disorder Being Scared Revealing panic disorder’s causes Treating panic disorder Understanding Young People’s Problems Dealing with ADHD Living in a world of her own Part V: Building a Better You Chapter 14: Assessing the Problem and Testing the Psyche Naming the Problem Documenting history Examining mental status Checking Under the Hood with Psychological Testing Standardizing Relying on tests Trusting tests Testing Types Clinical testing Educational/achievement testing Personality testing
The list of books you might like
