Psychology and the Real World PDF
Preview Psychology and the Real World
G Psychology e r n s and b a c h e As you read through the essays you will, I imagine, be struck by the sheer breadth of r topics to which modern psychology has applied itself—from human perception to / P Real World the use of memory in the courtroom, to teaching children how not to hate, and on om the and on. —from the Foreword by Malcolm Gladwell e r a n The contributors to this volume have amply shown how academic psychology has tz helped us deal with many of the challenges facing us as individuals and as a society. In the courtroom and the classroom, the clinic and the legislature, the science of Essays Illustrating Fundamental Contributions to Society Second Edition mind has provided insights that have reduced error, enhanced learning, and allevi- ated suffering. —Steven Pinker, Harvard University Foreword by Malcolm Gladwell / Afterword by Steven Pinker EP Ap roject of the FABBS Foundation, Psychology and the Real World gives students ssS Edited by Morton Ann Gernsbacher / James R. Pomerantz aY the opportunity to learn about some of the most important psychology research yC s oThf eosuer ptismyceh forolomgi cthael sbceiesnt tpisotsss aibnled stohuerirc esst—udtihese haactvuea nl socti eonntliys trse bshehapinedd tohue rs tuunddieesr-. IlluHO s standing of brain, mind, and behavior, but have significantly changed the way we trL aO live our lives. In Psychology and the Real World, each contribution is an original es- tinG say written exclusively for this project, with the “Who’s Who” gathering of authors gY explaining, clearly and passionately, the work they have pursued and what it means F uA to us. In this edition, we add eight new essays from leading psychological scientists, nN d highlighted below: aD m eT • James R. Pomerantz and • Paul Ekman and Daniel Matsumoto nH Morton Ann Gernsbacher • E. Tory Higgins taE • John H. Krantz • Barbara Rogoff, l C R • Paul R. Sackett Maricela Correa-Chávez, and oE nA • Bruce S. McEwen Katie G. Silva triL • Emanuel Donchin • Carolyn Rovee-Collier b uW • Donald D. Hoffman • Mark Snyder ti • Jeremy M. Wolfe • H. Hill Goldsmith oO n • Elizabeth Ligon Bjork and • Irving I. Gottesman sR Robert A. Bjork • Susan Nolen-Hoeksema to LD • Henry L. Roediger, III, • David H. Barlow S o Kathleen B. McDermott, and • Alan E. Kazdin c i e Mark A. McDaniel • Barbara Fredrickson ty • Fergus I. M. Craik • Shelley E. Taylor • Elizabeth F. Loftus • Elliot Aronson ES • Susan Goldin-Meadow • Harry T. Reis de • Herbert S. Terrace • Adam M. Grant itiocon • Bernard J. Baars • Ruth Kanfer nd • Daniel M. Wegner • Mark A. Costanzo • Howard Gardner • Steven Pinker (Afterword) • Robert J. Sternberg www.worthpublishers.com Cover painting by Gary Ruddell WoRth WORTH PUBLISHERS Chapter 1: Introduction James R. Pomerantz and Morton Ann Gernsbacher Psychology and the Real World: An Introduction Chapter 2: Methods of Psychology John H. Krantz Can the World Wide Web Be Used for Research? Paul R. Sackett Integrity Testing for Personnel Selection: The Role of Research Methods Chapter 3: Neuroscience Bruce S. McEwen Neurobiology of Stress and Adaptation: Implications for Health Psychology, Behavioral Medicine, and Beyond Emanuel Donchin Can the Mind Be Read in the Brain Waves? Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Donald D. Hoffman Human Vision as a Reality Engine Jeremy M. Wolfe Visual Search: Is It a Matter of Life and Death? Chapter 5: Learning Elizabeth Ligon Bjork and Robert A. Bjork Making Things Hard on Yourself, But in a Good Way: Creating Desirable Difficulties to Enhance Learning Henry L. Roediger, III, Kathleen B. McDermott, and Mark A. McDaniel Using Testing to Improve Learning and Memory Chapter 6: Memory Fergus I. M. Craik Levels of Processing in Human Memory Elizabeth F. Loftus Crimes of Memory: False Memories and Societal Justice Chapter 7: Language and Thought Susan Goldin-Meadow Creating and Learning Language by Hand Herbert S. Terrace Thinking without Language Chapter 8: Consciousness Bernard J. Baars Thinking About Consciousness Daniel M. Wegner When You Put Things Out of Mind, Where Do They Go? Chapter 9: Intelligence Howard Gardner The Theory of Multiple Intelligences Robert J. Sternberg The Rainbow Project: Using a Psychological Theory of Intelligence to Improve the College Admissions Process Chapter 10: Emotion and Motivation Paul Ekman and David Matsumoto Reading Faces: The Universality of Emotional Expression E. Tory Higgins Human Self-Regulation and Emotion Chapter 11: Development Barbara Rogoff, Maricela Correa-Chávez, and Katie G. Silva Cultural Variation in Children’s Attention and Learning Carolyn Rovee-Collier Preserving Infant Memories Chapter 12: Personality Mark Snyder Products of Their Personalities or Creatures of Their Situations? Personality and Social Behavior Have the Answer H. Hill Goldsmith The Functional Significance of Temperament Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders Irving I. Gottesman Predisposed to Understand the Complex Origins of Behavioral Variation Susan Nolen-Hoeksema Lost in Thought: The Perils of Rumination Chapter 14: Treatment of Psychological Disorders David H. Barlow The Development and Evaluation of Psychological Treatments for Panic Disorder Alan E. Kazdin Treatments for Children with Severe Aggressive and Antisocial Behavior Chapter 15: Stress and Health Barbara L. Fredrickson Positive Psychology: Cultivating Resilience and Health through Everyday Positive Emotions Shelley E. Taylor Positive Illusions: How Ordinary People Become Extraordinary Chapter 16: Social Psychology Elliot Aronson Reducing Prejudice and Building Empathy in the Classroom Harry T. Reis When Good Things Happen to Good People: Capitalizing on Personal Positive Events in Relationships Chapter 17: Psychology at Work Adam M. Grant Work and the Art of Motivation Maintenance Ruth Kanfer Work Motivation: From Processes to Purpose Mark A. Costanzo Lie Detection in the Interrogation Room and the Courtroom Afterword Steven Pinker This page left intentionally blank Second edition psychology and the real world essays Illustrating Fundamental Contributions to Society e d i t e d b y Morton Ann Gernsbacher University of Wisconsin-Madison James R. Pomerantz Rice University WoRth PublisheRs A Macmillan education Company Publisher: Rachel Losh Associate Publisher: Jessica Bayne Senior Acquisitions Editor: Christine Cardone Senior Developmental Editor: Mimi Melek Assistant Editor: Catherine Michaelsen Executive Marketing Manager: Katherine Nurre Director of Editing, Design, and Media Production: Tracey Kuehn Managing Editor: Lisa Kinne Associate Media Editor: Anthony Casciano Photo Editor: Christine Buese Cover and Text Designer: Blake Logan Illustration Services: Casey Sussman, Perfect Pix Studios Project Editor: Jodi Isman Production Manager: Sarah Segal Composition: Northeastern Graphic, Inc. Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley Cover Art: Gary Ruddell Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947197 ISBN-13: 978-1-4641-7395-0 ISBN-10: 1-4641-7395-8 © 2015, 2011 by Worth Publishers All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America First printing Worth Publishers 41 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10010 www.worthpublishers.com About the Federation of Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences (FABBS) Foundation The FABBS Foundation is an educational, nonprofit organization established to enhance understanding of the sciences of mind, brain, and behavior. Its efforts are focused on educating the public about the contributions of these sciences to the well- being of individuals and society, recognizing scholars who have made significant con- tributions to these sciences, and facilitating productive dialogue between scientists and relevant stakeholders to inform policies and improve lives. C o n t e n t s Foreword by Malcolm Gladwell ix Preface xii CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 James R. Pomerantz and Morton Ann Gernsbacher Psychology and the Real World: An Introduction 2 CHAPTER 2: Methods of Psychology 9 John H. Krantz Can the World Wide Web Be Used for Research? 10 Paul R. Sackett Integrity Testing for Personnel Selection: The Role of Research Methods 18 CHAPTER 3: Neuroscience 25 Bruce S. McEwen Neurobiology of Stress and Adaptation: Implications for Health Psychology, Behavioral Medicine, and Beyond 26 Emanuel Donchin Can the Mind Be Read in the Brain Waves? 34 CHAPTER 4: Sensation and Perception 39 Donald D. Hoffman Human Vision as a Reality Engine 40 Jeremy M. Wolfe Visual Search: Is It a Matter of Life and Death? 48 CHAPTER 5: Learning 59 Elizabeth Ligon Bjork and Robert A. Bjork Making Things Hard on Yourself, But in a Good Way: Creating Desirable Difficulties to Enhance Learning 60 Henry L. Roediger, III, Kathleen B. McDermott, and Mark A. McDaniel Using Testing to Improve Learning and Memory 69 CHAPTER 6: Memory 79 Fergus I. M. Craik Levels of Processing in Human Memory 80 Elizabeth F. Loftus Crimes of Memory: False Memories and Societal Justice 87 CHAPTER 7: Language and Thought 95 Susan Goldin-Meadow Creating and Learning Language by Hand 96 CONTENTS vii Herbert S. Terrace Thinking without Language 105 CHAPTER 8: Consciousness 115 Bernard J. Baars Thinking About Consciousness 116 Daniel M. Wegner When You Put Things Out of Mind, Where Do They Go? 122 CHAPTER 9: Intelligence 129 Howard Gardner The Theory of Multiple Intelligences 130 Robert J. Sternberg The Rainbow Project: Using a Psychological Theory of Intelligence to Improve the College Admissions Process 139 CHAPTER 10: Emotion and Motivation 147 Paul Ekman and David Matsumoto Reading Faces: The Universality of Emotional Expression 148 E. Tory Higgins Human Self-Regulation and Emotion 156 CHAPTER 11: Development 163 Barbara Rogoff, Maricela Correa-Chávez, and Katie G. Silva Cultural Variation in Children’s Attention and Learning 164 Carolyn Rovee-Collier Preserving Infant Memories 174 CHAPTER 12: Personality 183 Mark Snyder Products of Their Personalities or Creatures of Their Situations? Personality and Social Behavior Have the Answer 184 H. Hill Goldsmith The Functional Significance of Temperament 192 CHAPTER 13: Psychological Disorders 201 Irving I. Gottesman Predisposed to Understand the Complex Origins of Behavioral Variation 202 Susan Nolen-Hoeksema Lost in Thought: The Perils of Rumination 210 CHAPTER 14: Treatment of Psychological Disorders 217 David H. Barlow The Development and Evaluation of Psychological Treatments for Panic Disorder 218 viii CONTENTS Alan E. Kazdin Treatments for Children with Severe Aggressive and Antisocial Behavior 225 CHAPTER 15: Stress and Health 235 Barbara Fredrickson Positive Psychology: Cultivating Resilience and Health through Everyday Positive Emotions 236 Shelley E. Taylor Positive Illusions: How Ordinary People Become Extraordinary 243 CHAPTER 16: Social Psychology 249 Elliot Aronson Reducing Prejudice and Building Empathy in the Classroom 250 Harry T. Reis When Good Things Happen to Good People: Capitalizing on Personal Positive Events in Relationships 257 CHAPTER 17: Psychology at Work 265 Adam M. Grant Work and the Art of Motivation Maintenance 266 Ruth Kanfer Work Motivation: From Processes to Purpose 273 Mark A. Costanzo Lie Detection in the Interrogation Room and Courtroom 280 AfTERWoRD 289 Steven Pinker
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