Psychology and Mental Health: Abnormality-Grief and Guilt

752 Pages·2001·6.44 MB·English

Psychology
and
Mental Health
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
MAGILL’S C H O I C E
Psychology
and
Mental Health
Volume I
Abnormality — Grief and Guilt
editedby
Jaclyn Rodriguez, Ph.D.
Occidental College
projecteditor
Tracy Irons-Georges
SALEMPRESS, INC.
Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey
Copyright© 2001,bySalem Press,Inc.
Allrightsinthisbookarereserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybeusedor
reproducedinanymannerwhatsoeverortransmittedinanyformorbyany
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any
informationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthe
copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical
articlesandreviews.Forinformationaddressthepublisher,SalemPress,Inc.,
P.O.Box50062,Pasadena, California91115.
Most of the essays in Magill’s Choice: Psychology and Mental Health
originallyappearedinMagill’sSurveyofSocialScience:Psychology,1993,
edited by Dr. Frank N. Magill and Jaclyn Rodriguez; some of them were
updatedforMagill’sChoice:PsychologyBasics,1998.Theremainderof the
essaysweretakenfromMagill’sMedicalGuide:RevisedEdition1998.All
bibliographieshavebeenupdated,andsomeformatshavebeenchanged.
¥ ThepaperusedinthesevolumesconformstotheAmericanNational
StandardforPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,Z39.48-1992
(R1997).
Library ofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Psychologyandmentalhealth/editedbyJaclynRodriguez;projecteditor
TracyIrons-Georges.
p. cm.— (Magill’schoice)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-89356-066-9(set:alk.paper).—ISBN0-89356-167-7(vol.1:
alk. paper). — ISBN0-89356-068-5(vol.2 :alk.paper)
1.Psychology,Pathological—Encyclopedias.2.Mentalillness—Encyclo-
pedias.3.Mentalhealth—Encyclopedias.I.Rodriguez,Jaclyn.II.Irons-Georges,
Tracy. III.Series.
RC437P795 2001
616.89’003—dc21
00-046312
FirstPrinting
printed in theunitedstates of america
Table of Contents
Publisher’sNote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
ContributorList . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Abnormality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Abnormality:BehavioralModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Abnormality:Biomedical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Abnormality:CognitiveModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Abnormality:Family Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Abnormality:Humanistic-ExistentialModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Abnormality:Legal Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Abnormality:PsychodynamicModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Abnormality:SocioculturalModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Addictive PersonalityandBehaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Aggression: Definitionsand Theoretical Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Aggression: ReductionandControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Agoraphobia andPanicDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Alcoholism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Amnesia,Fugue,andMultiplePersonality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
AnalyticalPsychotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Anorexia NervosaandBulimiaNervosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Antisocial Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
AnxietyDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Aphasias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Attention-DeficitDisorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Autism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Aversion,Implosion,and Systematic DesensitizationTherapies . . . . . . 158
Bed-Wetting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
BehavioralAssessmentand Personality RatingScales . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Behavioral FamilyTherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Biofeedback andRelaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Borderline,Histrionic,andNarcissisticPersonalities . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
BrainDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
ChildAbuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
ChildandAdolescentPsychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
CodependentPersonality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
CognitiveBehaviorTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
CognitiveTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230
CommunityPsychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
CouplesTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
v
PsychologyandMentalHealth
Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
DiagnosisandClassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Divorceand Separation:AdultIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
DivorceandSeparation:Children’s Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
DomesticViolence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Down Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Dyslexia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Eating Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
ElectroconvulsiveTherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
ForgettingandForgetfulness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
GeriatricPsychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
GestaltTherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
GriefandGuilt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
CategoryList . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
vi
Publisher’s Note
From the earliest history, humans have sought explanations for seemingly
abnormalthoughtsandactions.Somebehaviorswereattributedtopossessionby
godsordemons,otherstoanimbalanceoftheoretical“humors”inthebody.Itwas
not until modern times, with the advent of the science of psychology, that the
influence of physical disease, genetic makeup, and emotional or psychological
trauma on mental health has been identified. Psychology and Mental Health
examines this field as it continues to unravel the origins of mental illness and
psychologicaldisorders andthemeanstoprevent or alleviatetheir symptoms.
Of the 107 essaysin thiswork,83 firstappeared in Magill’sSurvey ofSocial
Science:Psychology(1993);16ofthemwereupdatedandreprintedinPsychology
Basics (1998). The other 24 essays were published in Magill’s Medical Guide,
RevisedEdition1998.Allbibliographieshavebeenupdatedwiththelatesteditions
andmost recentscholarshipinthefield.
ManyoftheentriesinPsychologyandMentalHealthconsiderpsychopatholo-
gies.Someoftheseconditionscanposeaseriousthreattothesafetyandfunction-
alityofthepatient,such asschizophrenia,Alzheimer’sdisease, anorexianervosa,
or autism. Other psychic-emotional and learning disorders have a lesser but still
significant impact on a patient’s mental health and emotional condition, such as
depression, dyslexia, sibling rivalry, or sexual dysfunction. A number of entries
discussvarioustreatmentoptions,fromelectroconvulsivetherapyandlobotomyto
playtherapy andpsychoanalysis.
All entries begin with the standard information “Type of psychology” and
“Fields of study.” A brief definition of the topic follows. Next comes a list of
“Principal terms” with concise definitions. Entries on mental illness or lesser
psychologicalimpairmentshaveasection“CausesandSymptoms,”whichdefines
theconditionand describesitsoriginsandpossiblemanifestationsinpatients,and
a section“Treatment and Therapy,”which exploresthevarioustreatmentsavail-
able to alleviate symptoms or effect a cure. More general entries feature the
sections“Overview”and“Applications.”Thelastsectionofallentriesis“Perspec-
tiveandProspects,”whichplacesthetopicinalargercontextwithinpsychology.
Forexample,anentryonapsychopathologymaycovertheearliestknowninves-
tigationintothatcondition,theevolutionofitstreatmentovertime,andpromising
areas of research for a greater understanding of its causes and cure. Every entry
ends with a “Bibliography” of sources to consult for further study and a list of
cross-references to related articles within Psychology and Mental Health. All
essaysaresignedby theauthor.
At the end of volume 2 is a list of entries by category: abnormality, anxiety
disorders,childhoodand adolescentdisorders,depression,developmentalissues,
diagnosis,emotional disorders,learning disorders,organic disorders,personality
disorders, schizophrenias, sexual disorders, sleep disorders, stress, substance
abuse, and treatment. A comprehensive subject Index of people and concepts
concludes thevolume.
vii
PsychologyandMentalHealth
Thecontributorstothisworkareacademiciansfrompsychology,medicine,and
otherdisciplinesinthelifesciences;theirnamesandaffiliationsarelistedinthe
frontmattertovolume1.Wethankthemforsharingtheirexpertisewithgeneral
readers. The charts of possible symptoms and signs that appear in some entries
were taken from National Mental Health Association factsheet from 1996 and
1997.
viii
Contributor List
NormanAbeles RussellEisenman
Michigan StateUniversity McNeese StateUniversity
StevenC.Abell MaryC.Fields
LoyolaUniversityofChicago CollinCountyCommunity College
BruceAmbuel RobinFranck
MedicalCollegeofWisconsin Southwestern College
StephenM.Auerbach AlanK. Gibson
VirginiaCommonwealthUniversity SouthernCalifornia College
BruceE. Bailey VirginiaL.Goetsch
StephenF.AustinUniversity WestVirginiaUniversity
IonaC.Baldridge DolyeR.Goff
LubbockChristianUniversity LeeCollege
DonaldG.Beal L. KevinHamberger
Eastern Kentucky University MedicalCollegeofWisconsin
AlanJ. Beauchamp Ronald C.Hamdy,M.D.
NorthernMichigan University JamesH. Quillen Collegeof Medicine
BrettL. Beck PeterM.Hartmann, M.D.
Bloomsbury University York Hospital,Pennsylvania
PaulF.Bell James TaylorHenderson
The MedicalCenter, Beaver, Wingate College
Pennsylvania
KatherineH. Houp
ChristianeBrems MidwayCollege
University ofAlaska
LarryHudgins, M.D.
LouisA.Cancellaro,M.D. VeteranAffairsMedical Center,
VeteranAffairsMedical Center, MountainHome,Tennessee
MountainHome,Tennessee
MarkE. Johnson
RebeccaM.Chesire UniversityofAlaska, Anchorage
UniversityofHawaii—Manoa
JonathanKahane
Richard G.Cormack SpringfieldCollege
IndependentScholar
William B.King
ArleneR. Courtney Edison CommunityCollege
WesternOregonStateCollege
TerryKnapp
ThomasE. DeWolfe University of Nevada,LasVegas
Hampton-SydneyCollege
Kevin T.Larkin
TedEilders WestVirginiaUniversity
AmericanPsychologicalAssociation
ix