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Psychology and crime Psychology and crime An introduction to criminological psychology Clive R.Hollin London and New York First published in 1989 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. © 1989 Clive R.Hollin All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Hollin, Clive R. Psychology and crime: an introduction to criminological psychology. 1. Man. Criminal behaviour. Psychological aspects I. Title 364.2’4 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Hollin, Colin R. Psychology and crime. 1. Criminal psychology. I. Title. HV6080.H64 1989 364.3 88–26371 ISBN 0-415-01807-2 (Print Edition) ISBN 0-203-14402-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-16284-6 (Glassbook Format) Contents Figures and tables Preface 1 Psychology and crime 1 2 Psychological approaches to understanding crime 22 3 Psychological approaches to understanding serious crime 63 4 Mental disorder and crime 99 5 Psychology and the police 126 6 Psychology in the courtroom 152 7 Psychology and crime prevention 181 Epilogue 209 References 212 Name index 263 Subject index 274 For Gregory Figures and tables Figures 2.1 Eysenck’s personality dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism 55 3.1 Schematic representation of the relationship between cognition, emotion, and behaviour 67 Tables 1.1 Offences in England and Wales: British Crime Survey (1983) estimates 18 1.2 Offences in England and Wales: percentage change in British Crime Survey estimates (1983–85) and offences recorded by the police in the same period 19 2.1 Summary of twin study data 26 2.2 Percentage of male adoptees with criminal records according to criminality of parents 29 2.3 Levels and stages of moral judgement in Kohlberg’s Theory 52 2.4 Eysenck’s Theory: summary of cluster analysis studies 58 3.1 Typology of violent incidents 69 3.2 Typology of violent offenders 76 3.3 Types of rapist 83 3.4 Cognitive distortions in child molesters 93 3.5 Finkelhor’s (1986) model of child molesting 95 4.1 The prevalence of mental disorder in penal populations 102 Figures and tables 4.2 Principal offences of mentally handicapped offenders 113 4.3 Cleckley’s (1976) characteristics of the psychopath 115 4.4 Psychopathy checklist 116 4.5 The importance of various signs of psychopathy as rated by forensic specialists 118 5.1 Police ratings of job content and comparative assessment of police work 132 5.2 Police work stressors 141 5.3 British and American police views of extremely stressful situations 142 5.4 Factors nominated as stress reducing by both junior and senior police officers 144 6.1 Variables in the study of eyewitness memory 154 6.2 Items from the juror bias scale 167 6.3 Type of evidence used in court: from most to least frequent 175 7.1 Examples of indicators for success and failure following discharge from special hospital 187 7.2 Behavioural targets in a youth treatment centre 192 Preface Looking back, there were a number of antecedents which led to my interest in crime, so to speak, and so to the writing of this book. These are mostly personal in nature, reflecting the various qualities of those with whom it has been my fortune and misfortune to meet, work with, and learn from. Of those who had a particular impact I must include my doctoral research supervisors, John Radford and Brian Clifford at North East London Polytechnic: both were influential in their own different ways. Of my former colleagues in the Directorate of Psychological Services in the Home Office, Felicity Clarkson, Head of the Psychology Unit at HM Borstal, Feltham, guided my uncertain first steps in the world of real offenders. At that same institution I profited greatly from many long discussions with Graham Huff, which moulded much of my thinking on clinical intervention with offenders. In the world of teaching and research my colleagues, and I hope friends, Monika Henderson, Martin Herbert, and Kevin Howells have influenced my work in many ways. In terms of the written word, Philip Feldman’s 1977 book, Criminal Behaviour: A Psychological Analysis, had an enormous impact in fostering my appreciation of the way in which psychology could be applied to the study of crime. I am aware that it is something of a cliché in any book written by an academic, but the undergraduate students who have taken my Forensic Psychology course at the University of Leicester over the past five years have been significantly instrumental in both sharpening my thinking and broadening my reading in the area of psychology and crime. Indeed, the writing of this book directly stems from my teaching. The Forensic course demands of students a great deal of reading, both within and outside mainstream psychology, and I have been aware of the lack of a single source which gathers the bulk of the material which I include on