Psychology

929 Pages·2010·43.595 MB·English

by  Myers, David G

P S Y C H O L O G Y
NIN T H E DI T ION IN MOD U L E S
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P S Y C H O L O G Y
N I N T H E D I T I O N I N M O D U L E S
David G. Myers
Hope College
Holland, Michigan
WORTH PUBLISHERS
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©Andrew Judd
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009931721
ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-1638-8
ISBN-10: 1-4292-1638-7
© 2010, 2007, 2004 by Worth Publishers
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
First printing 2009
All royalties from the sale of this book are assigned to the David and Carol Myers Foundation, which exists to
receive and distribute funds to other charitable organizations.
Worth Publishers
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New York, NY 10010
www.worthpublishers.com
F B P ,
OR ETTY ROBERT
with gratitude for 27 years of loyal friendship and superb editorial
support in creating this book and its teaching supplements
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About the Author
David Myers received his psychology Ph.D. from the University of Iowa.
He has spent his career at Hope College, Michigan, where he has
taught dozens of introductory psychology sections. Hope College
students have invited him to be their commencement speaker and
voted him “outstanding professor.”
Myers’ scientific articles have, with support from National Science
Foundation grants, appeared in more than two dozen scientific
periodicals, including Science, American Scientist, Psychological
Science,and the American Psychologist.In addition to his scholarly
writing and his textbooks for introductory and social psychology, he
also digests psychological science for the general public. His writings
have appeared in four dozen magazines, from Today’s Educationto
Scientific American.He also has authored five general audience books,
including The Pursuit of Happinessand Intuition: Its Powers and Perils.
David Myers has chaired his city’s Human Relations Commission,
helped found a thriving assistance center for families in poverty, and
spoken to hundreds of college and community groups. Drawing on his
experience, he also has written articles and a book (A Quiet World)
about hearing loss, and he is advocating a transformation in American
assistive listening technology (see hearingloop.org).
He bikes to work year-round and plays daily pickup basketball. David
and Carol Myers have raised two sons and a daughter.
Brief Contents
Preface ix Developing Through the Life Span . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
MODULE 13
Prenatal Development and the
Introduction to the History and Science of Newborn 170
Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 MODULE 14
Infancy and Childhood 174
MODULE 1
The Story of Psychology 2 MODULE 15
Adolescence 195
MODULE 2
Thinking Critically With Psychological MODULE 16
Adulthood, and Reflections on
Science 14
Developmental Issues 206
MODULE 3
Research Strategies: How
Psychologists Ask and Answer
Sensation and Perception 225
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Questions 25
MODULE 17
Introduction to Sensation and
Perception 226
The Biology of Mind 45
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MODULE 18
MODULE 4 Vision 233
Neural and Hormonal Systems 46 MODULE 19
MODULE 5 Hearing 243
Tools of Discovery and Older Brain
MODULE 20
Structures 58 Other Senses 251
MODULE 6 MODULE 21
The Cerebral Cortex and Our Divided Perceptual Organization 262
MODULE 22
Brain 67 Perceptual Interpretation 272
Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind . . . . . . . .83 Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
MODULE 7 MODULE 23
The Brain and Consciousness 85 Classical Conditioning 290
MODULE 8 MODULE 24
Sleep and Dreams 91 Operant Conditioning 301
MODULE 9 MODULE 25
Hypnosis 108 Learning by Observation 315
MODULE 10
Drugs and Consciousness 113
Memory 323
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity 131 MODULE 26
. . . . . . . . . Introduction to Memory 324
MODULE 11 MODULE 27
Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Encoding: Getting Information
Psychology 132 In 327
MODULE 12 MODULE 28
Environmental Influences on Storage: Retaining Information 336
Behavior 148 MODULE 29
Retrieval: Getting Information
Out 346
MODULE 30
Forgetting, Memory Construction,
and Improving Memory 351
viii
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence . . . . . . . . . .369 Psychological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597
MODULE 31 MODULE 48
Thinking 370 Introduction to Psychological
MODULE 32 Disorders 599
Language and Thought 384
MODULE 49
MODULE 33 Anxiety Disorders 610
Introduction to Intelligence 404
MODULE 50
MODULE 34 Dissociative, Personality, and
Assessing Intelligence 416
MODULE 35 Somatoform Disorders 618
Genetic and Environmental Influences MODULE 51
Mood Disorders 625
on Intelligence 428
MODULE 52
Schizophrenia 637
Motivation and Work 443
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MODULE 36 Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .645
Introduction to Motivation 444
MODULE 53
MODULE 37 The Psychological Therapies 646
Hunger 448
MODULE 54
MODULE 38 Evaluating Psychotherapies 660
Sexual Motivation and the Need to
MODULE 55
Belong 466 The Biomedical Therapies 671
MODULE 39
Motivation at Work 484
Social Psychology 681
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MODULE 56
Emotions, Stress, and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499 Social Thinking 682
MODULE 40 MODULE 57
Introduction to Emotion 500 Social Influence 690
MODULE 41 MODULE 58
Expressed Emotion 510 Antisocial Relations 703
MODULE 42 MODULE 59
Experienced Emotion 517 Prosocial Relations 719
MODULE 43
Stress and Health 530
MODULE 44
Promoting Health 542 Appendix A: Careers in Psychology A-1
Appendix B: Answers to Test YourselfQuestions B-1
Personality 557
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MODULE 45
The Psychoanalytic Perspective 558
MODULE 46
The Humanistic Perspective 570
MODULE 47
Contemporary Research on
Personality 574
ix