Psychology PDF
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Psychology Fifth edition Global edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli Gulf Coast State College J. Noland White Georgia College & State University Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Dubai • Singapore • Hong Kong Tokyo • Seoul • Taipei • New Delhi • Cape Town • Sao Paulo • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam • Munich • Paris • Milan A01_CICC9713_05_GE_FM.indd 1 2/17/17 1:31 PM Portfolio Manager: Erin Mitchell Product Marketer: Margaret Waples Content Producer: Pamela Weldin Content Producer Manager: Amber Mackey Project Manager, Global Edition: Sudipto Roy Content Development Manager: Sharon Geary Senior Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Sandhya Ghoshal Associate Director of Design: Blair Brown Senior Project Editor, Global Edition: Daniel Luiz Design Lead: Kathryn Foot Project Editor, Global Edition: Rahul Arora Technical Manager: Caroline Fenton Manager, Media Production, Global Edition: M. Vikram Kumar Digital Producer: Lindsay Verge Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Full-Service Project Manager: Melissa Sacco, Global Edition: Trudy Kimber Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Content Developer: Julie Swasey, Jennifer Stevenson Compositor: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Portfolio Manager Assistant: Stephany Harrington Cover Image: PouPou/Shutterstock Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page of appearance. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2018 The rights of Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Psychology, 5th edition, ISBN 978-0-13-447796-1, by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White, published by Pearson Education © 2017. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, withouteither the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners.The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN 10: 1-292-15971-5 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-15971-3 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10 Typeset in Palatino LT Pro Roman by Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Printed and bound by Vivar, Malaysia. A01_CICC9713_05_GE_FM.indd 2 2/17/17 1:31 PM Brief Contents Psychology in Action Secrets for Surviving College and Improving Your Grades 22 1 The Science of Psychology 42 2 The Biological Perspective 84 3 Sensation and Perception 132 4 Consciousness 176 5 Learning 216 6 Memory 262 7 Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language 306 8 Development across the Life Span 350 9 Motivation and Emotion 394 10 Sexuality and Gender 430 11 Stress and Health 460 12 Social Psychology 498 13 Theories of Personality 544 14 Psychological Disorders 582 15 Psychological Therapies 626 Appendix A Statistics in Psychology 669 Appendix B Applied Psychology and Psychology Careers 683 3 A01_CICC9713_05_GE_FM.indd 3 2/17/17 1:31 PM This page intentionally left blank A01_CICC9713_05_GE_FM.indd 4 2/17/17 1:31 PM Contents Teaching and Learning Package 11 Generating the Message within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse 88 Acknowledgments 17 Neurotransmission 90 About the Authors 20 An Overview of the Nervous System 95 Psychology in Action The Central Nervous System: The “Central Secrets for Surviving Processing Unit” 96 College and Improving Your Grades 22 The Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves on the Edge 99 Study Skills 24 Distant Connections: The Endocrine Glands 103 Managing Time 25 The Pituitary: Master of the Hormonal Universe 104 Reading the Text: Textbooks Are Not Meatloaf 27 Other Endocrine Glands 105 Getting the Most Out of Lectures 30 Looking Inside the Living Brain 107 Studying for Exams: Cramming Is Not an Option 31 Methods for Studying Specific Regions of the Brain 107 Improving Your Memory 35 Neuroimaging Techniques 108 Writing Papers 37 From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain 113 The Hindbrain 113 Your Ethical Responsibility as a Student 39 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System 115 Psychology in Action Summary 40 The Cortex 117 Test Yourself 41 The Association Areas of the Cortex 120 1 The Science of Psychology 42 Classic Studies in Psychology: Through the Looking Glass—Spatial Neglect 121 The History of Psychology 44 The Cerebral Hemispheres: Are You in Your In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James 45 Right Mind? 122 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and APA Goal 2: Scientific Reasoning and Critical Thinking: Behaviorism 47 Phineas Gage and Neuroplasticity 125 The Field of Psychology Today 51 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Paying Attention to Modern Perspectives 51 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 127 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Chapter Summary 128 Specialization 55 Test Yourself 131 Scientific Research 58 The Scientific Approach 58 3 Sensation and Perception 132 Descriptive Methods 63 Correlations: Finding Relationships 66 The ABCs of Sensation 134 The Experiment 68 Transduction 134 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects 71 Sensory Thresholds 134 APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Habituation and Sensory Adaptation 136 A Sample Experiment 74 The Science of Seeing 137 Ethics of Psychological Research 75 Light and the Eye 137 The Guidelines for Doing Research with People 75 The Visual Pathway 141 Animal Research 77 Perception of Color 142 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Thinking Critically The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? 147 About Critical Thinking 78 Sound Waves and the Ear 147 Chapter Summary 81 Perceiving Pitch 149 Types of Hearing Impairments 150 Test Yourself 82 Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better 151 2 The Biological Perspective 84 Gustation: How We Taste the World 152 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction 154 Neurons and Nerves: Building the Network 86 The Other Senses: What the Body Knows 156 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block 86 Somesthetic Senses 156 5 A01_CICC9713_05_GE_FM.indd 5 2/17/17 1:31 PM 6 Contents Body Movement and Position 158 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning 236 The ABCs of Perception 160 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning 240 How We Organize Our Perceptions 160 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification 241 Depth Perception 163 Perceptual Illusions 165 Classic Studies in Psychology: Biological Constraints on Operant Conditioning 242 APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Perceptual Influences on Metacognition 170 APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child? 247 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Beyond “Smoke and Mirrors”—The Psychological Science and Neuroscience Cognitive Learning Theory 248 of Magic 171 Tolman’s Maze-Running Rats: Latent Learning 248 Chapter Summary 172 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning 249 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness 250 Test Yourself 174 Observational Learning 253 4 Consciousness 176 Bandura and the Bobo Doll 253 The Four Elements of Observational Learning 255 What Is Consciousness? 178 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Can You Really Definition of Consciousness 178 Toilet Train Your Cat? 256 Altered States of Consciousness 178 Chapter Summary 258 Sleep 180 Test Yourself 260 The Biology of Sleep 180 Why We Sleep 182 6 Memory 262 The Stages of Sleep 185 Sleep Disorders 188 What Is Memory? 264 APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Three Processes of Memory 264 Weight Gain and Sleep 193 Models of Memory 264 Dreams 194 The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Why Do We Dream? 194 Systems 267 What Do People Dream About? 196 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? 267 Hypnosis 198 Classic Studies in Psychology: Sperling’s Iconic How Hypnosis Works 198 Memory Test 268 Theories of Hypnosis 199 Short-Term Memory 270 The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs 201 Long-Term Memory 273 Dependence 201 Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories 279 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away 203 Retrieval Cues 279 Down in the Valley: Depressants 206 Recall and Recognition 281 Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher 208 Classic Studies in Psychology: Elizabeth Loftus and Eyewitnesses 284 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Thinking Critically About Ghosts, Aliens, and Other Things That Go Bump in Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories 284 the Night 212 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? 285 Chapter Summary 213 APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Test Yourself 214 Effects of Supplements on Memory 289 5 Learning 216 What Were We Talking About? Forgetting 291 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve 292 Definition of Learning 218 Reasons We Forget 293 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning 218 Neuroscience of Memory 295 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs 218 The Biological Bases of Memory 295 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior 224 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia 297 What’s In It for Me? Operant Conditioning 228 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Health The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner 228 and Memory 300 The Concept of Reinforcement 229 Chapter Summary 302 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Test Yourself 303 Bandit Is So Seductive 232 A01_CICC9713_05_GE_FM.indd 6 2/17/17 1:31 PM Contents 7 7 Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Cognitive Development 384 Psychosocial Development 384 Language 306 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging 386 How People Think 308 Stages of Death and Dying 387 Mental Imagery 308 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Cross-Cultural Concepts and Prototypes 309 Views on Death 389 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies 311 Chapter Summary 390 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making 314 Test Yourself 393 Creativity 315 Intelligence 318 9 Motivation and Emotion 394 Theories of Intelligence 318 Approaches to Understanding Motivation 396 Measuring Intelligence 322 Defining Motivation 396 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? 324 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation 397 Individual Differences in Intelligence 328 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Classic Studies in Psychology: Terman’s “Termites” 331 Needs 399 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence 333 Arousal and Incentive Approaches 400 Language 338 Humanistic Approaches 403 The Levels of Language Analysis 338 APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Development of Language 339 Thinking: Cultural Differences in the Use of Praise The Relationship between Language and Thought 340 as a Motivator 407 Animal Studies in Language 342 What, Hungry Again? Why People Eat 408 APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Physiological and Social Components of Hunger 408 A Cognitive Advantage for Bilingual Individuals? 344 Obesity 411 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Mental and Emotion 413 Physical Exercises for Better Cognitive Health 345 The Three Elements of Emotion 413 Chapter Summary 347 Early Theories of Emotion 418 Test Yourself 348 Cognitive Theories of Emotion 421 Classic Studies in Psychology: The Angry/Happy Man 421 8 Development across the Life Span 350 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: When Motiva- tion Is Not Enough 426 Studying Human Development 352 Research Designs 352 Chapter Summary 427 Nature and Nurture 352 Test Yourself 429 The Basic Building Blocks of Development 354 10 Sexuality and Gender 430 Prenatal Development 358 Fertilization 358 The Physical Side of Human Sexuality 432 Three Stages of Development 359 The Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics 432 Infancy and Childhood Development 362 The Development of Sex Characteristics 433 Physical Development 362 The Psychological Side of Human Sexuality: Gender 435 Classic Studies in Psychology: The Visual Cliff 365 Gender Identity 435 Cognitive Development 366 Gender-Role Development 439 Psychosocial Development 371 Gender Differences 442 Classic Studies in Psychology: Harlow and Contact Human Sexual Behavior 444 Comfort 373 Sexual Response 444 APA Goal 2: Scientific Reasoning and Critical Thinking: Classic Studies in Psychology: Masters and The Facts About Immunizations 377 Johnson’s Observational Study of the Human Adolescence 378 Sexual Response 445 Physical Development 378 Different Types of Sexual Behavior 446 Cognitive Development 379 Sexual Orientation 449 Psychosocial Development 380 APA Goal 2: Scientific Reasoning and Critical Thinking 453 Adulthood and Aging 382 Sexual Health 454 Physical Development: Use It or Lose It 382 Sexually Transmitted Infections 454 A01_CICC9713_05_GE_FM.indd 7 2/17/17 1:31 PM 8 Contents Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: The AIDS Aggression 530 Epidemic in Russia 457 Prosocial Behavior 534 Chapter Summary 457 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Peeking Inside the Test Yourself 459 Social Brain 539 Chapter Summary 540 11 Stress and Health 460 Test Yourself 542 Stress and Stressors 462 13 Theories of Personality 544 The Relationship between Stress and Stressors 462 Environmental Stressors: Life’s Ups and Downs 463 Psychodynamic Perspectives 546 Psychological Stressors: What, Me Worry? 467 Freud’s Conception of Personality 546 Physiological Factors: Stress and Health 472 Stages of Personality Development 549 The General Adaptation Syndrome 472 The Neo-Freudians 551 The Immune System and Stress 473 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Health Psychology 477 Psychodynamic Perspective 552 Cognitive Factors in Stress 478 The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality 555 Personality Factors in Stress 480 Learning Theories 555 Social and Cultural Factors in Stress: People Current Thoughts on the Behavioral and Who Need People 483 Social Cognitive Learning Views 557 APA Goal 2: Scientific Reasoning and Critical Thinking: The Third Force: Humanism and Personality 558 Homeopathy: An Illusion of Healing 487 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective 558 Coping with Stress 488 Current Thoughts on the Humanistic View of Personality 560 Coping Strategies 488 Trait Theories: Who Are You? 561 How Social Support Affects Coping 491 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List How Culture Affects Coping 492 and Describe Traits 561 How Religion Affects Coping 492 Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five 563 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Coping with Stress Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective 564 Through Mindfulness Meditation 494 Personality: Genetics and Culture 566 Chapter Summary 495 The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics 566 Current Findings on the Heritability of Personality 568 Test Yourself 496 Classic Studies in Psychology: Geert Hofstede’s Four 12 Social Psychology 498 Dimensions of Cultural Personality 568 APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Social Influence 500 Personality, Family, and Culture 570 Conformity 500 Assessment of Personality 571 Group Behavior 502 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Compliance 504 Personality Inventories 571 Obedience 506 Projective Tests 575 APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Cults Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Biological Bases and the Failure of Critical Thinking 510 of Personality 577 Social Cognition 511 Chapter Summary 579 Attitudes 511 Test Yourself 581 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion 514 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash 515 14 Psychological Disorders 582 Impression Formation 517 Attribution 518 What Is Abnormality? 584 Social Interaction 522 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality 584 Prejudice and Discrimination 522 Models of Abnormality 586 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice 524 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders 588 Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? 593 Classic Studies in Psychology: Brown Eyes, Blue Eyes 524 Anxiety Disorders 593 Interpersonal Attraction 527 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety 595 Love Is a Triangle—Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love 529 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders 597 A01_CICC9713_05_GE_FM.indd 8 2/17/17 1:31 PM Contents 9 Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities 600 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way Types of Dissociative Disorders 600 To Better Behavior 636 Causes of Dissociative Disorders 601 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing 641 Disorders of Mood: The Effect of Affect 603 Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy 645 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders 603 Types of Group Therapies 645 Causes of Disordered Mood 605 Evaluation of Group Therapy 646 Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction 607 Does Psychotherapy Really Work? 647 Eating Disorders 607 Studies of Effectiveness 648 Sexual Dysfunctions and Problems 610 Characteristics of Effective Therapy 649 Schizophrenia: Altered Reality 612 APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Does It Work? Psychological Treatment 653 Symptoms of Schizophrenia 612 Causes of Schizophrenia 614 Biomedical Therapies 655 Personality Disorders: I’m Okay, It’s Everyone Psychopharmacology 655 Else Who’s Weird 617 Ect and Psychosurgery 659 Categories of Personality Disorders 617 Emerging Techniques 661 Causes of Personality Disorders 618 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Virtual Reality Therapies 663 APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Learning More: Psychological Disorders 619 Chapter Summary 664 Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Taking the Test Yourself 666 Worry Out of Exams 620 Chapter Summary 622 Appendix A Statistics in Psychology 669 Test Yourself 624 Appendix B Applied Psychology 15 Psychological Therapies 626 and Psychology Careers 683 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present 628 Glossary 697 Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and References 713 Humanistic Approaches 630 Credits 763 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis 630 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human 632 Name Index 767 Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Subject Index 783 Cognitive Therapies 636 A01_CICC9713_05_GE_FM.indd 9 2/17/17 1:31 PM
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