Psychology

781 Pages·1975·86.43 MB·English

by  Roger Brown, Richard J. Herrnstein

Copyright © 1975 by Little, Brown and Company (Ine,)
First published in Great Britain 1975
by Methuen & Co Ltd
11 New FeUer Lane, London EC4P 4EE
AH rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprodueed in any form
or by any eleetronie or meehanical means including information storage and retrieval systems
without permission in writing from the publisher, exeept by a reviewer
who may quote brief passages in a review.
ISBN (hardbound) O 416 56040 7
ISBN (paperbaek) O 416 56050 4
Printed in the United Sta tes of Ameriea
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully aeknowledge permission to use material from fue following sourees.
Table 2 (p. 12): The World Almanae, 1968; published by "Communieation by Inseets: Physiology of Dancing," Sci
Newspaper Enterprise Association, New York. By per ence 125 (22 February 1957), p. 332. By permission of
mission. the author and publisher. Fig. 1-16: Hans Jesse, Cologne.
Fig. 1-17: From Animal Behaviour. A Synthesis of Ethology
and Comparative Psychology, 2nd ed., by Robert A. Hinde.
Copyright © 1966 by MeGraw-Hill Book Company. Used
Fig. 1-1: Alexander Klots. Fig. 1-2: D. L. Gunn, "The Humid
with permission of MeGraw-Hill Book Company. Fig. 1-18:
ity Reaetions of the Woodlouse," loumal of Experimental
T. Thompson and T. Sturm, "Classieal Conditioning of Ag
Biology 14 (1937). By permission of Cambridge University
gressive Display in Siamese Fighting Fish," loumal of the
Press. Figs. 1-3, 1-4: P. Ullyott, "The Behaviour of Dendro
Experimental Analysis of Behavior 8 (1965), p. 399. Copy
coelum Lacteum," loumal of Experimental Biology 13 right 1965 by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of
(1936). By permission of Cambridge University Press.
Behavior, Ine. By permission of the publisher. Fig. 1-19:
Figs. 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12, 1-13: K. von Friseh, The Dance P. Marler: and W. J. Hamilton, III, Mechanisms of Animal
Language and Orientation of Bees, pp. 66, 57, 70, 137, 241.
Trans. by L. E. Chadwick. Copyright © 1967 by the President Behavior~ (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1966) p. 239. By
permission of the publisher. Fig. 1-20: Nina Leen.
and Fellows of Harvard College. By permission of the pub
lisher, Harvard University Press. Fig. 1-14: V. G. Dethier, (Ackl~owledgments continue on page 733.)
To

his book grew out of a course we gave at of data, like fue rows of canned goods in a super
,L~'7'!-fr7HArmn'''¡ in 1970-71 and again in 1971-72. market. A nutritious meal with a harmonious suc
most of fue several hundred stu cession of tasty courses has been our model. Although
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who took it each year were not plan fue entire book is a collaboration, Brown was fue chef
to take furfuer courses in psychology, for Chapters 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, and 13; Herrnstein, for
to teach from fue standpoint of a Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 10. Parts of fue Intro
HUJn"~JOLW.LL"l. Our topies were not formal sub ducHon were written by each of uso The occasional
sensory processes or aUUude forma first person singular refers to the person wifu primary
tapies fuat might occur to a student befare responsibility for fue chapter in whieh it occurs. The
taking psychology, like experience or morality. pronouns he, him, and his are used as the generic
Topics, like motivation or schizophrenia, fuat are forms for male or female only because to do otherwise
professional spedalties and commonsense categories would be very cumbersome. Where sex makes a dif
at fue same time, we taught too. Our emphasis on ference, as it ofien does, we have made fuat clear.
psychology's substance rafuer fuanits form continues We have been lucky in our associations. The stu
here. You should have HUle trouble understanding dents and teaching assistants in our course demanded
the Table of Contents, for our chapters are built mostly levels of scholarship and clarity that we probably
around the questions fuat people expect psychology failed to meet, but fuat impelled us to strain beyond
to answer. ' our natural limitations. We wish we could credit
Our answers, in contrast, may sometimes be another these bright people by name, but they are too numer
matter, for we have gone more deeply into sorne topies ous. We can, however, thank the talented, dedicated,
than introductory textbooks usually dare. The surface and helpful people who work for our publisher. We
of academie psychology is a motley patchwork of owe much to Jane Aaron and Christopher Hunter for
facts and pseudofacts, hard to warm up to and prob thoughtful readings and constructive advice, and to
ably impossible to love. We are drawn to a stratum Clint Anglin for designing what we believe to be a
of ideas and theories under fue surface and have handsome book. The writing in the book profited
tried to show you how to get fuere. The digging is from Frank Philip's unusually sensitive and pro
occasionally hard, we hope, always rewarding. fessional editing. Kathleen FieId, fue book's editor,
To help with the digging, we recommend Mastering showed a degree of devotion and expertise that in·
PSYCHOLOGY, the study guide by Alan which spired uso ArIene Pippin and Esther Sorocka applied
ineludes a glossary. fueir usual skill and good sense to the massive chofe
We have made no spedal effort to impose a unified of getting a manuscript to the publisher. When the
theory throughout fue book. Our more modest ambi overflow of work overtaxed all of us, Sarah Goldston
tion has been to make each chapter a story of its own more than once came to fue rescue. Wifu fue two ofus
where it has been natural, to He chapters together, continually revising and rewriting, their problem was
usually loosely enough so fuat fue order of reading not unlike tying your shoelaces while running. Some
is not vital. The day of grand schemes for psychology how fuey got it done.
has passed, but the alternative is not stark inventories Portions of fue book were reviewed by Alan C.
vii
viii / PREF ACE
Kamil (University of Massachusetts, Amherst), candidate, Harvard University). We found their ad
Walter D. Mink (Macalester College), H. Richard vice invaluable, fuough we obviously musí accept
Schiffman (Rutgers College), Charles F. Flaherty full responsibility for fue result. FinaUy, we dedícate
(Rutgers College), MUton H. Hodge (University of fue book to Gordon W. Allport and S. Smifu Stevens,
Georgia, Afuens), Eugene A. Lovelace (University of late senior colleagues and mentors. These two men
Virginia, Charlottesville), Harris B. Savin (University have long been our paragons, in scholarship, i.n fueir
of Pennsylvania), Sheldon Levy (Wayne State Uní devotion to fue purposes of academic life, and in fueir
versity), Robert Crowder (Yale University), use of language. Our highest goal has been to write
Brickman (Norfuwestern Uni.versity), Delos Wíckens a book fuat fuey would have liked dedicated to
(Ohio State University) , and Carol Smifu (doctoral fuem.
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INTRODUCTION 1
What Prevenís Definition? I 3
What Holds Psychology Together? I 9
Obserllstion and Data I 11
MOTIVATION: FORCED ""r,u,",,,n
AND IMPRINTING 19
Forced MOllemel'lt I 23
Instinct I 31
I 55
Review I 59
x / CONTENTS
MOTIVATION: AND HEDONIC
I 61
Activity I 65
The Law 01 Effect I 72
The Law of Relative Effeet I 78
_ al'ld lis Drives I 36
Defensive Drives I 103
A Theory of Motivation I 108
Review I 113
LEARNING 115
Rote I 119
Mental Organization I 126
Conditioned Reflexes I 132
Intermineni Reward ¡ 141
Selectivity in learnil'lg ¡ 146
learning as Actiol'l I 159
Review I 161
CONTENTS I xi
ACTION AND VALUE IN HUMAN SOCiETY 1
Needs, and Values I 161
Mastery I 177
SeU-Control I 185
Tlle Sense 01 Personal Freedom I 194
Review I 191
AGGRESSION: FROM ALBINO MOUSE TO
AMERICAN 199
Tlle General Conceptual Status of
Aggression I 202
But Wllat Is Aggression? I 209
Irmate or Acquired? I 214
and Social Structure among Animal!:> I 221
Rank among Humans I 232
among Humans I 243
15 There More Tl1an an I 241
Justice I 253
xii / CONTENTS
of
Expectatiol1s I 274
Review I 283
MORAL REASONING ANO CONOUCT I 287
From Social Psychology I 292
From Oeveh:mmental Psvcholoav I 307
326
and Moral Aciion as They
Now I 334
Review I 338
SENSORY I
Hearing I 345
Sight I 369