Psycholinguistic Approaches to Meaning and Understanding across Languages PDF
Preview Psycholinguistic Approaches to Meaning and Understanding across Languages
Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 44 Barbara Hemforth Barbara Mertins Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen Editors Psycholinguistic Approaches to Meaning and Understanding across Languages Psycholinguistic Approaches to Meaning and Understanding across Languages STUDIES IN THEORETICAL PSYCHOLINGUISTICS Volume44 ManagingEditors LynFrazier,Dept.ofLinguistics,UniversityofMassachusettsatAmherst ThomasRoeper,Dept.ofLinguistics,UniversityofMassachusettsatAmherst KennethWexler,Dept.ofBrainandCognitiveScience,MIT,Cambridge,Mass. EditorialBoard RobertBerwick,ArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory,MIT,Cambridge,Mass. MatthewCrocker,SaarlandUniversity,Germany JanetDeanFodor,CityUniversityofNewYork,NewYork AngelaFriederici,MaxPlanckInstituteofHumanCognitiveandBrainSciences,Germany MerrillGarrett,UniversityofArizona,Tucson LilaGleitman,SchoolofEducation,UniversityofPennsylvania ChrisKennedy,NorthwesternUniversity,Illinois ManfredKrifka,HumboldtUniversity,Berlin,Germany HowardLasnik,UniversityofMaryland YukioOtsu,KeioUniversity,Tokyo AndrewRadford,UniversityofEssex,U.K. Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6555 Barbara Hemforth • Barbara Mertins Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen Editors Psycholinguistic Approaches to Meaning and Understanding across Languages 123 Editors BarbaraHemforth BarbaraMertins ParisDiderotUniversity UniversityofHeidelberg Paris,France Heidelberg,Germany CathrineFabricius-Hansen UniversityofOslo Oslo,Norway ISSN1873-0043 ISBN978-3-319-05674-6 ISBN978-3-319-05675-3(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-05675-3 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014942018 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer. PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword At the first linguistics conference I attended as a student, one of the keynote speakersheldforthonthesyntacticanalysisofEnglishcleftsentences.Duringthe discussion period,membersof the audiencequestionedthe grammaticalityof one ofthespeaker’sexamplesentences.Thereensuedapoliteexchangeofintrospective judgments, which ended when the speaker declared that, be all as it may, the sentence in question was perfectly well-formed in his idiolect of English. Much to my surprise, this settled the matter straight away, and the discussion turned to morepressingissues. I wouldhave beensurprisedin anycase, butwhatmadethe incidentpositively surreal, at least to my mind, was the fact that the speaker was Japanese and quite audiblynotanativespeakerofEnglish. From the 1960s onwards, the accepted methodology in theoretical linguistics wasbrazenlyautobiographical.BasedonedictsemanatingfromtheMassachusetts InstituteofTechnology,itwastakenaswritthatitisthelinguist’sjobtoprobehisor herpersonal“competence”.EvenasatimidstudentduringtheReaganera,Ihadthe uncannyfeelingthatthiswasn’tso mucha methodologyasa recipefornonsense, butitwasthereceivedview,andittookawhilebeforeitsinfluencestartedtowane. Thingshavedefinitelychanged,andeveniftheautobioapproachremainsalive, it’skickingalotlessthanitusedto.Ithasbecomewidelyacceptedthatquantitative methodscanbeusefuleventothoseofuswhosecorebusinessisdesigningtheories of language, and the chapters of this volume demonstrate, both separately and collectively,howfruitfulquantitativemethodscanbe,especiallywhenwieldedby researcherswhoknowwhatthey’redoing. The following chapters cover an impressive variety of semantic and pragmatic topics, ranging from reference and aspect to coordination and conversational implicatures,informationstructure,andspeechreports.Theexperimentalmethods broughttobeararenolessdiverse,includingastheydovariouskindsofquestion- naireandcorpusstudies,self-pacedreading,andeyetracking. Andthere’smore.Oneofthechiefdogmasofgenerativelinguisticsusedtobe thatallhumanlanguagesareessentiallythesame.Itwasclaimedinallearnestness thataMartianscientistvisitingourplanetwouldhavetoconcludethatallEarthlings v vi Foreword speak the same language, save for the obvious fact that their lexicons diverge. Nowadays it stretches belief that even in the recent past this view was taken seriously, but it has been extraordinarily influential both within linguistics and without, and perhaps it goes some way to account for the fact that most studies in semanticsand pragmatics,theoreticalas well as experimental,have been about oneandthesamelanguage,thatistosay,English.(Anotherpartoftheexplanation, I fear, is that language researchers are as lazy as the next person.) This, too, has begun to change. There is an increasing awareness that the interpretative systems even of closely related languages like English and German are different in many fascinatingways,andeverysinglechapterinthisvolumeatteststotheimportance oftheplurilingualapproach. UniversityofNijmegen BartGeurts Nijmegen,TheNetherlands Preface The idea/plan for this book evolved during a 1-year (2010/2011)research project “Meaning and Understanding across Languages”, funded by the Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (see http://www.cas.uio.no/research/1011acrosslanguages/index.php) and headed by Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen. The editors and four other contributors (Bergljot Behrens,OliverBott,LynFrazier,andTorgrimSolstad)participatedintheproject, whichbroughttogetherresearchersrepresentingdifferentinterestsanddisciplines: theoreticalsemanticsandpragmatics,contrastivelinguisticsandpsycholinguistics. Half of the chapterspresentcollaborativeresults fromthat enterprise.We want to thankCASforthewonderfultimewespentthere,andforenablingthepublication of this book. We are also grateful to anonymous reviewers, whose comments on earlierversionsoftheindividualpapershavebeenextremelyuseful,andwethank StigOppedalforhisefficientandconscientiousproofreading. Paris,France BarbaraHemforth Heidelberg,Germany BarbaraMertins Oslo,Norway CathrineFabricius-Hansen November2013 vii Contents Introduction:MeaningAcrossLanguages .................................... 1 BarbaraHemforth, BarbaraMertins, andCathrineFabricius-Hansen Understanding Coordinate Clauses: A Cross-Linguistic ExperimentalApproach......................................................... 23 BergljotBehrens, BarbaraMertins, BarbaraHemforth, andCathrineFabricius-Hansen Pairing Form and Meaning in English and Norwegian: ConjoinedVPsorConjoinedClauses? ........................................ 53 BergljotBehrens,CathrineFabricius-Hansen,andLynFrazier Cross-LinguisticVariationintheProcessingofAspect...................... 83 OliverBottandFritzHamm ReferringExpressionsinSpeechReports..................................... 111 KajaBorthen, BarbaraHemforth, BarbaraMertins, BergljotBehrens,andCathrineFabricius-Hansen TheRoleofGrammaticalityJudgmentsWithinanIntegral ApproachtoBrazilianPortugueseBareNominals........................... 143 AlbertWall InformationStructureandPronounResolutioninGerman andFrench:EvidencefromtheVisual-WorldParadigm.................... 175 SaveriaColonna,SarahSchimke,andBarbaraHemforth Conversational Implicatures in Anaphora Resolution: AlternativeConstructionsandReferringExpressions....................... 197 PeterBaumann,LarsKonieczny,andBarbaraHemforth FromVerbstoDiscourse:ANovelAccountofImplicitCausality.......... 213 OliverBottandTorgrimSolstad ix
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