Pseudepigraphic Perspectives: The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls : Proceedings of the International Symposium of the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature, 12-14 January, 1997 (Studies

229 Pages·1999·11.05 MB·English

by  Esther G. Chazon

PSEUDEPIGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES:
THE APOCRYPHA AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHA
IN LIGHT OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS
STUDIES ON THE TEXTS
OF THE DESERT OF JUDAH
EDITED BY
F. GARCIA MARTINEZ
A. S. VAN DER WOUDE
VOLUME XXXI
' ' 68 ל'
PSEUDEPIGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES:
THE APOCRYPHA AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHA
IN LIGHT OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS
Proceedings of the International Symposium of the Orion Center for
the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature,
12-14 January, iggy
EDITED BY
ESTHER G. CHAZON
AND
MICHAEL STONE
WITH THE COLLABORATION OF
AVITAL PINNICK
/ 6 8Y
BRILL
LEIDEN · BOSTON · KÖLN
1999
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated
Literature. International Symposium (2nd : 1997)
Pseudepigraphic perspectives : the apocrypha and pseudepigrapha in
light of the Dead Sea scrolls : proceedings of the International
Symposium of the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls
and Associated Literature, 12-14 January, 1997 / edited by Esther G.
Chazon and Michael Stone with collaboration of Avital Pinnick.
p. cm. — (Studies on the texts of the desert of Judah, ISSN
0169-9962 ; v. 31)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 9004111646 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Apocryphal books (Old Testament)—Congresses. 2. Dead Sea
scrolls—Congresses. I. Chazon, Esther G. II. Stone, Michael E.,
1938- . III. Pinnick, Avital. IV. Title. V. Series
BS 1700.075 1998
299' .9106—dc21 98-34509
CIP
ISSN 0169-9962
ISBN 90 04 11164 6
© Copyright 1999 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
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PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Pseudepigraphy in the Qumran Scrolls: Categories and Functions
MOSHE J. BERNSTEIN 1
Pseudepigraphy in Rabbinic Literature
MARC BREGMAN 27
Pseudepigraphy and Group Formation in Second Temple Judaism
JOHN J. COLLINS 43
The Naming of Levi in the Book of Jubilees
BETSY HALPERN-AMARU 59
Levi in Aramaic Levi and in the Testament of Levi
MARINUS DEJONGE 71
The Nature and Function of Revelation in 1 Enoch, Jubilees,
and Some Qumranic Documents
GEORGE W. E. NICKELSBURG 91
The Temple Scroll and the Halakhic Pseudepigrapha of the
Second Temple Period
LAWRENCE H. SCHIFFMAN 121
The Axis of History at Qumran
MICHAEL E. STONE 133
The Angel Story in the Book of Jubilees
JAMES C. VANDERKAM 151
Qumran and the Book of Noah
CANA WERMAN 171
Qumran Pseudepigrapha in Early Christianity:
Is 1 Clem. 50:4 a Citation of 4QPseud0-Ezekie1 (4Q385)?
BENJAMIN G. WRIGHT 183
Index of Ancient Sources 197
Index of Modem Authors 215

PREFACE
This book is the second volume of symposium proceedings published
by the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and
Associated Literature. The Orion Center was established in 1995
under the auspices of the Institute of Jewish Studies at the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem. Its primary aim is to achieve a better under-
standing of the history of the Jewish people, its language, literature,
thought and religion during the Second Temple period. To this end
the Center fosters scholarly discussion and research which integrate
the new data from the Dead Sea Scrolls with what was previously
known about that formative period in the development of Judaism
and early Christianity.
The Orion Center holds an international symposium each year
which focuses on a central topic. The Second International Sym-
posium reassessed the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha in light of the
Dead Sea Scrolls. In addition to fine literary studies of pseudepi-
graphical writings preserved at Qumran, these proceedings treat
fundamental issues in the study of pseudepigraphy and its social, cul-
tural and historical matrices. Several papers isolate different types of
pseudepigraphy in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in rabbinic literature,
highlighting the uses of pseudonymity and anonymity and weighing
their significance. Others explore the theological, social and histori-
cal implications of pseudepigraphy at Qumran in the context of the
whole of pseudepigraphic literature. What is the consequence of as-
signing the origins of evil to Adam and Eve (humans) or to the gen-
erations of Enoch and Noah (demons)? Why is the revelation of se-
cret knowledge assigned by some to God or to Moses the lawgiver,
by others to Daniel the seer and by still others, to a pre-Sinaitic, pre-
Abrahamic or prediluvian figure?
Dr. Avital Pinnick, Chief of Publications at the Orion Center, was
responsible for the copy- and style-editing of this volume and the
preparation of the indices. We are indebted to Dr. Pinnick for her
meticulous work. Dr. Hans van der Meij of Brill Academic
Publishers has been tremendously helpful and supportive throughout
the various stages of publication and we extend our sincerest thanks
to him.
The second International Symposium and the production of this
volume were funded by the Orion Foundation and the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem. It is thanks to the ongoing support of these
foundations and our home institution that the Orion Center contin-
ues to operate and flourish. Finally, we wish to thank our colleagues
in Jerusalem and throughout the world who have encouraged us in
this endeavor and given generously of their time and energies.
DR. ESTHER G. CHAZON
PROF. MICHAEL E. STONE
Jerusalem, May 1gg8—lyyar
PSEUDEPIGRAPHY IN THE QUMRAN SCROLLS:
CATEGORIES AND FUNCTIONS'
MOSHE J. BERNSTEIN
Yeshiva University
I. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the practice of pseudepi-
graphy in the scrolls found at Qumran. Two matters need to be clar-
ified at the outset. The first, rather obvious, fact is that due to the di-
verse nature of the Qumran library, there is no assurance that we
are studying a practice which was prevalent at Qumran. The second,
more complex, issue relates to the term "pseudepigraphy," whose
meaning needs to be clarified. First, I shall introduce its better
known relative, "pseudepigrapha."
The perception of the importance of the body of writings generally
referred to as the Pseudepigrapha has increased over the last half cen-
tury, since the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. 1 The term "pseud-
epigrapha," however, has been employed in two different ways in re-
cent scholarship and a very important distinction must be made for
the purpose of this paper. Originally, "pseudepigrapha" was used to
describe texts falsely ascribed to an author (usually of great antiquity)
in order to enhance their authority and validity. Gradually, the con-
notation of this word was expanded to include a collection of Jewish
and Christian writings dating from the last centuries BCE to the first
centuries CE which did not become part of the canon in either reli-
gion.2 Although the term "apocrypha," which accompanies it in the
Effective collégial criticism is one of the most valuable aspects of scholarship. At the oral presen-
tation of this paper in Jerusalem in January 1997, a variety of critical comments were voiced by
Professors Albert Baumgarten, Devorah Dimant, Sara Japhet, George Nickelsburg and Emanuel
Τον. Their remarks compelled me to rework some of my ideas in a more nuanced fashion and have
been taken into consideration, to the best of my ability, in the preparation of the written form of this
article. No doubt there remain areas where they fail(ed) to convince me as I fail(ed) to convince
them. At a later stage of writing, the paper benefitedfrom the criticism of Professors Alan Brill and
Yaakov Elman and Ms. Sham Benin and, from beginning to end as usual, from that of Ms.
Judith C. Bernstein.
1 An excellent example of a broad treatment of the relationship between the
Qumran texts and the Pseudepigrapha is M. E. Stone, "The Dead Sea Scrolls and
the Pseudepigrapha." DSD 3 (1996) 270-95. See particularly 270-74, "Definitions of
Scrolls and of Pseudepigrapha."
3 Cf. Stone's remarks in "Dead Sea Scrolls and Pseudepigrapha," 270-71.