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Prussian Conservatism 1815-1856: Ecclesiastical Origins and Political Strategies PDF

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Laura Claudia Achtelstetter Prussian Conservatism 1815-1856 Ecclesiastical Origins and Political Strategies Prussian Conservatism 1815-1856 Laura Claudia Achtelstetter Prussian Conservatism 1815-1856 Ecclesiastical Origins and Political Strategies LauraClaudiaAchtelstetter NewnhamCollege UniversityofCambridge Cambridge,UK ISBN978-3-030-81069-6 ISBN978-3-030-81070-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81070-2 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland To my family, to the dear departed, and to every smiled-at history nerd, I dedicate this work. Names and Places All names are used in the German original and are not translated, e.g. Friedrich WilhelmIV,notFrederickWilliamIV. Places are named and spelt in the way they were used in contemporary terms, e.g.BreslauandKönigsberg. Germanquotesarespeltastheywerefound;therefore,‘y’and‘c’areusedwhere contemporaryGermanrequiresan‘i’or‘k’,asilent‘h’isaddedafter‘t’,andthe‘e’ after a long ‘i’ is missing, e.g. ‘sey’ instead of ‘sei’, ‘thun’ rather than ‘tun’, and ‘confessciren’ratherthan‘konfiszieren’. IncaseswhereEnglishliteratureisquotedthatwaswritteninAmericanEnglish, theAmericanspellinghasbeenkeptbutnotfurtherhighlighted. [sic!]marksgrammaticalorspellingerrors(otherthanthosedescribedabove)ina sourcethatwerekept. Incaseswhereaquote’stensehadtobeadapted(e.g.frompresenttensetopast tense)thealterationwasplacedinbrackets.Forexample,frompresenttense‘writers fail’topasttense‘writersfail[ed]’. Cross-references to other chapters are given in round brackets, for example (Chap.3,Sect.4.2). vii Acknowledgements This book is a revised and altered version of my thesis ‘The origins of Prussian conservatism 1815–1856’ submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the UniversityofCambridgeinJune2020. UndertakingthisPhDhas,withoutanyexaggeration,beenalife-changingexpe- rience.Itwouldnothavebeenpossibletofinishthisprojectwithouttheguidanceand help of many people who believed in my work and abilities. I owe each of them a greatdeal. I wish to show my gratitude to the Konrad-Adenauer Foundation (KAS) for granting me a PhD scholarship and for making me part of its community. The sense of community I experienced among fellow scholarship holders at KAS seminars was invaluable, and I am grateful that not only professional contacts but also friends were made there. I want to express the same gratitude to Newnham CollegeandtheFacultyofHistoryatCambridgeUniversityforprovidingadditional funding. Without the generous financial and administrative support of these three institutionsmyresearchwouldnothavebeenpossible. IwouldalsoliketoexpressmydeepestgratitudetomysupervisorProf.Joachim Whaley for his patient guidance, constant support, and honest advice. Without his guidance,persistenthelp,andconstructivecriticism,thisprojectcertainlywouldnot have been realised. I extend this gratitude to the examiners of my thesis, Prof. Richard Whatmore (St. Andrews) and Prof. Anna Ross (Warwick). Thank you for the very pleasant discussion, the valuable advice, the honest feedback, and the offeredopportunities. SpecialthanksgotomyadvisorProf.ChristopherClarkandmyCollegementor Dr. Janine Maegraith for their advice and inspiring conversations. I also want to thank the scholars I had the privilege to converse with in the last few years, especially Prof. Boyd Hilton, Prof. Brendan Simms, Dr. Ruth Jackson, Dr. Hannah Weibye, Dr. Paul E. Kerry, Dr. Hanno Balz, and Dr. Paul Kurtz for all the enriching and inspiring conversations, for their good advice, and for invita- tionstovariousgreatworkshops. ix x Acknowledgements IwanttousethischancetothankallthepeoplewhomakeCambridgework:the secretariesandadministrationofficers,theportersandcaterers,thehousekeepersand gardeners,allthoseworking‘behindthescenes’.YoukeepCambridgerunningand theexcellentresearchconditionstheredependonyou.Thankyousomuch! There are many more people working in archives, libraries, and universities without whom academiawouldbe impossible. I would like to thank all thepeople workingintheGeheimeStaatsarchivPreußischerKulturbesitz,theHerzog-August- Bibliothek Wolfenbuettel, the Frankesche Stiftungen Halle, the Universitätsbibliothek und -archiv Muenster, the Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen- Nuremberg,andUniversitätsbibliothekEichstaettfortheirhelp,support,andadvice. Iwouldhaveneverobtainedaccesstosomearticles,sources,orbookswithoutthem. Special thanks go to Ms Okulla-Obua (GstA), Dr. Harding (HAB), Ms Strauß (HAB), Ms Ahrens (HAB), Mr Göschl (Halle), Ms Gerlach and Ms Steininger (ULErlangen-Nuremberg),andMrStaufenbiel(ULCambridge). Ialsooweagreatdealtomanypeoplefrommytime‘before’Cambridge.Iwant to express my gratitude to all the people who worked at the Academic Chair of PoliticalScienceIIatFriedrichAlexanderUniversityErlangen-Nurembergoverthe last decade who helped me to improve and guided my first clumsy steps into academia. I will not forget the valuable support I received from the people in Erlangen.SpecialthanksgotoProf.ClemensKauffmann({),Dr.AlexanderKruska, Uni.-Prof.Dr.EvaOdzuck,andDr.DavidSchkadeforgrantingmeextensiveaccess to the Gerlach Archive. Continuing a tradition, I would therefore like to thank the forçatsoftheGlückstraße.Imadeitaswell! IcannotbegintoexpressmygratitudetoProf.AnselmSchubertwhohasbeena trustworthy advisor since I was an MA student trying to find her way through the worksofMartin Luther.Iamdeeplygratefulforhis unwaveringsupportandopen earsandforregularlyinvitingmetohisOberseminar.Iwouldalsoliketothankall its participants for the fruitful discussions on theological and church historical matters.Itistrulybeenapleasure! Iamincrediblygratefultohavemetmanyinspiringpeopleinthelastfewyears, whodidnotremaincolleaguesandhousematesbutbecamefriends.Mythanksgoto my housemates in Holly Cottage ‘17/‘19, my friends at CUFC and its Women’s Bluesteam‘18/19,andNewnhamCollegeMCR.SpecialthanksalsogotoMaxwell Jones,MobeenHussain,CatrionaCorke,andChristinePrevasfortheirpatiencewith meandmystrugglewithEnglishgrammar;toThomasDahms,MargareteTiessen, ChristosAliprantis,CharlotteJohann,andJanTattenbergfortheircamaraderie;and to Laura Trajber Waisbich, Laura Flannigan, Pedro V. Faria, Francesca Firth, and Augur Pearce for all the talks and good laughter. The same thanks go to all the peoplenotexplicitlymentionedhere.Beassuredthatyouwillbeforeverinmyheart. IextendthisgratitudetoSaraSouilem,LauraLacatusu,JasminTrapp,Michaela Seitz,FranziskaFörster,andSvenFleischerfortheyearsoffriendship,nomatterthe geographicaldistance. Finally,Iwouldliketothankmypartnerforsupportingmeandforencouraging metopursueaPhDinBritain.Ithankyouforlisteningtomydoubtsandworries,for supportingme,andforgoingthispathwithme. Acknowledgements xi Lastbutnotleast,Iamtrulygratefultomyfamilyfortheirimmeasurableloveand care. You have always encouraged me to explore my potential and pursue my dreams. Danke! Erlangen,June2021 Contents 1 TheConservativeMilieu,1815–1856. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Conservatism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 TheConservativeMilieuandItsTrauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 PurposeandLimitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4 SourcesandLiteratureReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.1 FamilyHistory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.2 TheHistoryofaPolitical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.4.3 TheHistoryofaReligiousMovement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.4.4 Biographies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.5 TheoryandMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.6 Outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2 AYouthBetweenDefeatandLiberation,1806–1830. . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1 NapoleonandPrussianIdentity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2 PrussiaontheBrinkofDespair1803–1815. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.2.1 Narratives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.2.2 TheBefreiungskämpfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.2.3 WarExperiences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.3 TheBerlinNetwork(s)1810–1820. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2.4 FaithBecomingPublic,1820sand1830s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3 ConservativeInterpretationofRoyalChurchPolicy. . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.1 Context:Prussia’sChurchPolicy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.2 ErnstWilhelmHengstenbergandtheEKZ’SChurchPolicy. . . . . 102 3.3 TheGerlachBrothers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 3.4 FriedrichJuliusStahlandtheChristianState. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 4 Restoration,Revolution,andCounter-Revolution,1830–1850. . . . . 153 4.1 Context:Prussia’sPoliticalSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 4.2 KeyConservativeConcepts,Pre-1848. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 xiii

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