Protozoa and Their Role in Marine Processes PDF
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Protozoa and Their Role in Marine Processes NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Kluwer Academic Publishers Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer-Verlag Systems Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York G Ecological Sciences London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong H Cell Biology Barcelona Series G: Ecological Sciences Vol. 25 Protozoa and Their Role in Marine Processes Edited by P.C. Reid C. M. Turley Plymouth Marine Laboratory Citadel Hill Plymouth, Devon PL 1 2PB United Kingdom and PH. Burkill Plymouth Marine Laboratory Prospect Place West Hoe Plymouth, Devon PL 1 3DH United Kingdom Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Protozoa and Their Role in Marine Processes held in Plymouth (United Kingdom), 24 July-5 August 1988. ISBN-13: 978-3-642-73183-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-73181-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-73181-5 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991 Sof'tcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1991 2131/3140-543210 - Printed on acid-free-paper PREFACE In the summer of 1988, under NATO sponsorship, approximately 80 scientists lived and worked together in Plymouth for two weeks to evaluate the ecological role of protozoa in the sea. Through the convivial surroundings, close working conditions and special facilities that had been brought together for NATO ASI 604/87 a 'melting pot' of ideas was formed, which stimulated the multidisciplinary creativity which is expressed in this book and in a second series of papers which will be published in Marine Microbial Food Webs under the title - "Protozoa and their Role in Marine Microbial Food Webs". Discussions of the role of protozoa in the microbial food web, in the cycling of carbon and nitrogen and the extent to which this web acts as a link or sink to metazoa in the water column were major themes of the ASI. Structured sessions covering oral and poster presentations, field work, model 1 ing, laboratory practicals and demonstrations of techniques such as image analysis and flow cytometry, formed the core of the meeting. Participants took part enthusiastically in the practical sessions developing new concepts and obtaining new insights into their work. The practicals included a 'protozoo' and some beautiful films and videos. Field excursions were made to a range of sites including a unique marine sewage farm at Looe in Cornwall, (Jones this volume). Interactive workshops allowed scientists with no modelling experience to input their results to three simulation models and a flow analysis package. The major discussions of the ASI are encapsulated in the papers of this book which comprise both invited keynote addresses and session summaries. In the index the papers are grouped under headings representing the main sessions of the meeting, which in general, follow the order of presentation at the ASI. The session on Taxonomy drew attention to the huge diversity of 'protists' found in marine environments, their varied nutritional modes and outlined a revised evolutionary tree. Few marine protists have so far been isolated in culture and biotechnological applications are in their infancy, although many of the results of the ASI have relevance in this area. One presentation outlined the potential for manipulating the microbial assemblage at the base of the food chain to maximise yields in commercial prawn farming. Rapid advances are being made in methodology, in particular, epifluorescence microscopy has made a very great contribution to microbial studies since the last ASI on a related subject in 1980 [Bougis P (ed) (1982) Marine Pelagic Protozoa and Microzooplankton Ecology. Ann Inst oceanogr Paris 58(S): 1-352]. This microscopic technique contributed to one of the highlights of the meeting, the recognition of the importance of chloroplast retention by protists. Examples of endosymbiosis from a wide range of algal groups were described, some retaining their original tests within the host, others selectively adsorbing plastids. In the sessions on Trophic Behaviour and Communi ty Grazing, phagotrophic protists were seen to play an important role in structuring food webs because of their fast growth rates and VI efficient energetics and production. Estimate of production were seen to vary by two orders of magnitude. One study reported selective grazing by heterotrophic nanoplankton on bivalve gametes. This discovery has implications for microzooplankton dynamics and may be one of the causes of year to-year variability of intertidal settlement by gamete releasing organisms. The session on Mineral Flux demonstrated interannual variability of oceanic sedimentation from long-term sediment trap studies - a discovery which has direct relevance to studies of global climate change. The parallel session on 'Snow and Fluff', another highlight of the meeting, showed the important role that protozoa play in the vertical transport of particles in the sea and in the formation and decomposition of aggregates in the water column and on arrival on the sea-bed. Protozoa were also seen to act as 'crucial' agents in the transfer and/or recycling of nutrients a theme which was further developed in the modelling sessions. Ecological discussions stressed the extreme diversity of habitats and niches occupied by protozoa and their great temporal and spatial variation. Larry Pomeroy, in his summation of the ASI, using hierarchical theory, stressed the need to examine this complexity at similar levels of ecological development. The success of the meeting was only possible through the hard work and enthusiasm of a dedicated team of local and international helpers - see appended list of acknowledgements. The local team included three sub-committees to cover logistics, catering and the social programme. Delegation of responsibilities to these committees, spread the workload, broadened the input of ideas and proved essential to the efficient running of the ASI. During the ASI Plymouth celebrated the 400th anniversary of the Armada providing a background and theme for a highly successful social programme with Dave Robins as master of ceremonies. I wish, in particular, to thank Peter Burkill for his imagination and help in the planning and running of the ASI and Carol Turley for her financial wizardry and great assistance in the production of this book. The whole operation would not have been possible without Angie Smith who ran the ASI secretariat and typed, revised and concatenated this volume. We are all indebted to Professor B L Bayne, Director, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, for his support and for the use of facilities during, prior and subsequent to the ASI. We also thank Professor L Heath, Polytechnic South West, for access to the well equipped laboratories of the Department of Biological Sciences and for the enthusiastic support of his technicians. The memories of this Plymouth ASI have left a lasting impression on all participants which will, I believe, strongly influence the future direction of marine microbial research. It is our hope that this book will aid this process and provide a fitting record of the hard work and team spirit engendered in all who were involved. Chris Reid Director NATO ASI 604/87 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Director and Organising Committee of the NATO Advanced Study Institute 604/87 on 'Protozoa and their Role in Marine Processes' wish to acknowledge and thank NATO and the following organisations, companies and individuals for their support and assistance. Commission of the European Communities UNESCO National Science Foundation, USA Office of Naval Resarch, USA Plymouth Marine Laboratory Polytechnic South West The Marine Biological Association of the UK Plymouth City Council Analytical Measuring Systems The British Petroleum Company plc Cell Systems Coulter Electronics Ltd Duncan and Associates Ellis Horwood Ltd Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd Nikon UK Ltd Olympus Optical Co (UK) Ltd St Austell Brewery Co Ltd Sterilin Ltd Vospers Rentals Ltd Carl Zeiss (Oberkochen) Ltd Main Committee Members: Local Organisers: Dr PC Reid (Director) D Robins Dr PH Burkill (Secretary) J Green Dr CM Turley (Treasurer) A Smith E Pilling Other Committee Members: R Leakey A John Dr H Ducklow (USA) B Matthews Dr JC Green (UK) P Radford Dr MB Jones (UK) A Taylor Prof F Rassoulzadegan (F) J Stephens Dr Gene Small (USA) G Tarran Prof V Smetacek (FRG) G Siley M Wilson at Buckland Abbey National Trust Staff at Cotehele For preparation of manuscripts and their production in camera-ready form, we thank Mrs Angie Smith, Dr Howard Bottrell and Mrs Linda Jones, and for photographic assistance, Mr David Nicholson. CONTENTS TAXONOMY Taxonomy (46 - or more - protistan phyla) - Session summary Eugene B Small and John C Green ........................... 1 A taxonomic review of heterotrophic protists important in marine ecology Michael A Sleigh .......................................... 9 METHODS Methods for the study of marine microzooplankton - Session summary Fereidoun Rassoulzadegan 39 Quantitative sampling of field populations of protozooplankton Madhu A Paranj ape ......................................... 59 The application of image analysed fluorescence microscopy for characterising planktonic bacteria and protists Michael E Sieracki and Kenneth L Webb ..................... 77 Culturing marine protozoa - Session summary Andrew J Cowling .......................................... 101 A method for the cloning and axenic cultivation of marine protozoa Anthony T Soldo and Sylvia A Brickson ..................... 105 POLLUTION Pollution - Session summary TorbjcPrn Dale ............................................. 113 Protists and pollution - with an emphasis on planktonic ciliates and heavy metals Torbj cPrn Dale ............................................. 115 Effects of saline sewage on the biological community of a percolating filter Malcolm B Jones and Ian Johnson ........................... 131 SYMBIOSIS Endosymbiosis in the protozoa - Session summary Michele Laval-Peuto ..........•............................ 143 Mixotrophy in marine planktonic ciliates: physiological and ecological aspects of plastid-retention by oligotrichs Diane K Stoecker .....•.................•...•.............. 161 IX AUTECOLOGY Brief perspective on the autecology of marine protozoa John J Lee ................................................ 181 TROPHIC BEHAVIOUR Trophic behaviour - Session summary Victor Smetacek ........................................... 195 COMMUNITY GRAZING Community grazing in heterotrophic marine protista Session summary Gerard M Capriulo ......................................... 205 Trophic behaviour and related community feeding activities of heterotrophic marine protists Gerard M Carriulo, Evelyn B Sherr and Barry F Sherr ....... 219 ENERGETICS AND PRODUCTION Protozoan energetics - Session summary Johanna Laybourn-Parry .................................... 267 Global production of heterotrophic marine planktonic ciliates Dennis H Lynn and David JS Montagnes 281 MARINE 'SNOW' AND 'FLUFF' Protozoa associated with marine 'snow' and 'fluff' Session summary Carol M Turley ............................................ 309 Protozoa as makers and breakers of marine aggregates. Karin Lochte ...............................•....••.•...... 327 MINERAL FLUX Mineral flux and biogeochemical cycles of marine planktonic protozoa - Session summary Kozo Takahashi ............................................ 347 Protista and mineral cycling in the sea Barry SC Leadbea ter ....................................... 361 NUTRIENT CYCLING Evolving role of protozoa in aquatic nutrient cycles David A Caron ............................................. 387 Protozoans as agents in planktonic nutrient cycling Tom Berman 417 x MODELLING Modelling - Session summary Hugh W Ducklow and Arnold H Taylor ........................ 431 Modelling carbon and nitrogen flows in a microbial plankton community Colleen L Moloney and John G Field ........................ 443 WORKSHOP SUMMARY AND FORWARD LOOK Status and future needs in protozoan ecology Larry R Pomeroy ........................................... 475 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ...................................... 493 SUBJECT INDEX ............................................. 498
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