Protocol Specification and Testing

378 Pages·1991·7.39 MB·English

by  K. Tarnay (auth.)

Protocol Specification
and
Testing
Protocol Specification
and
Testing
K. Tarnay
Central Research Institute ror Physics
Budapest, Hungary
PLENUM PRESS . NEW YORK AND LONDON
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5780-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5778-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5778-0
Library of Congress Catalog Number 90-053587
Joint edition published by Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, U.S.A.
and
Akademiai Kiad6, Budapest, Hungary
© Katie Tamay 1991
© English translation Katie Tamay
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in ,
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical. photocopying. microfilming, or otherw
without written permission from the copyright owner
CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................... XV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................... XVII
INTRODUCTION ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. XIX
Computer communication
Communication protocols
Formal description techniques
Applications
Outline of the book
PART I
COMMUNICA nON PROTOCOLS OVERVIEW
1. THE REFERENCE MODEL AND ITS LAYERS
1.1 Computer Networks, Open Systems 3
The concept of computer networks
The origins of computer networks
The operation of computer networks
The beginnings of the Reference Model
1.2 The Reference Model .................................... 11/
The essence of the Reference Model
The elements of the Reference Model
Functional division of the distributed system
Management in open system interconnection
v
1.3 Layers, Layer Terms and Layer Elements 14
The general principles of layering
Layer elements
Identifiers. Naming and addressing
1.4 Layer Functions ........................................ 18
The general layer functions
Connection establishment and release
Data transfer. Data units
Error handling
1.5 Layer Conventions ...................................... 22
The model of the layer services
Service primitives
Time sequence diagrams
1.6 Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25
The basic communication concept of Open Systems: the protocol
Protocol features and their control
The protocol and its environment
2. THE SEVEN LAYERS
2.1 About the Seven Layers 29
The seven layers
The functions of the seven layers
2.2 The Physical Layer and Its Protocols 32
The physical layer and its services
The data transfer
Mechanical. electrical. procedural and functional characteristics
of the physical layer
2.3 The Data Link Layer and Its Protocols 36
The data link layer and its services
Data link functions
Classification of the data link protocols
VI
2.4 Binary Synchronous Communication (BSC) Protocol 39
The main feature of BSC
The character set of BSC
Time-out
2.5 High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) Protocol 43
The fundamental concept of HDLC
Frame types
Error-free operation of the HDLC
Erroneous operation of the HDLC
2.6 The Network Layer and Its Protocols 53
The network layer services
X.25 packet level procedure
Packet formats
Routing
2.7 The Transport Layer and Its Protocols 59
The transport layer and the transport services
Transport protocol classes
2.8 The Session Layer and Its Protocols 66
The session layer
Session layer functions
Operation of the session layer
2.9 The Presentation Layer and Its Protocols 68
The presentation layer and its services
Transfer syntax and presentation context
2.10 The Application Layer and Its Protocols 70
The application layer services and functions
The application process
General application layer protocols
Application layer structure
VII
3. ABSTRACT MODEL OF TESTING
3.1 Purpose of Testing .......................... . 77
Specification. verification and testing
Conformance testing
Performance measurement
3.2 Network Environment ............. , 79
Characteristics of the network
Queues in the network
The traffic
3.3 Error Generators 82
Relationship between the network topology and the errors
Relationship between the layered structure and the errors
Error generators of the protocol testers
3.4 Conformance Testing ........................ . 89
Requirements
The classification of conformance testing
3.5 The Abstract Model of Conformance Testing 93
The fundamental concept of abstract testing
Methods of conformance testing
The general logical architecture of conformance testers
The physical architecture of conformance testers
An example on conformance testing
3.6 Performance Testing ....................... , .... . 99
Requirements
The schedule of performance testing
Parameters of performance testing in the OSI model
VIII
PART II
FORMAL DESCRIPTION TECHNIQUES
4. STATE-TRANSITION BASED MODELS
4.1 Overview of Finite-state Machines 107
Basic set theory
Computability. Turing machines
Finite-state machines
State-transition tables and graphs
4.2 Examination of Finite-state Machines 114
The properties of finite-state machines
Equivalence of finite-state machines
State identification with successor tree
5. GRAPH MODELS
5.1 Petri Nets ............................................ 123
Fundamental concepts of Petri nets
Petri net features
The subgraphs of the Petri net
Mathematical description of Petri nets
5.2 Modified Petri Nets ..................................... 132
Classification of modified Petri nets
Time Petri nets
E-nets
Numerical Petri nets
5.3 Data Flow Graphs 142
Graph model of behaviour
Data flow graph models
IX
5.4 Examples of Graph Models ................................. 146
Examples of Petri nets
Graph models of protocol components
6. ALGEBRAS AND FORMAL LANGUAGES
6.1 Calculus of Communicating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 151
Introduction
Basic ideas
The syntax and semantics of CCS
Equivalences
Example
6.2 A Specification Language for Abstract Data Types 160
Introduction
Abstract data types
Language concepts of ACT ONE
Abstract data types of ACT ONE
Atomic specification
Complex specification
6.3 Formal Languages ...................................... 169
Introduction to formal languages
Classification of grammars
7. SPECIFICATION LANGUAGES FOR COMMUNICATION
7.1 Specification and Description Language (SDL) 175
Overview of SOL
General definition of SOL
Basic concepts
SOL process diagram
From the basic concepts to the structuring concepts
Partitioning
Refinement
Oata concepts in SOL
Operators
Axioms
Inheritance
Tools for SOL
x
7.2 Architectural Specification Concept ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 197
7.3 ESTELLE, an Extended Finite-state Machine Specification Language 200
Overview of ESTELLE
Transitions
Modules
Interaction points and channel type
Specification
Example
Software tools for ESTELLE
7.4 LOTOS, a Language of Temporal Ordering Specification ........... 213
Overview of LOTOS
Interactions between processes
Behaviour expressions
LOTOS data types
Recursion and nondeterminism
PART III
APPLICATIONS
8. AL TERNA TING-BIT PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION
8.1 State-transition Graph of the Alternating-bit Protocol 229
8.2 Alternating-bit Protocol Description with Petri Net ............... 234
A Petri net specification complemented with variables
8.3 ESTELLE Specification of the Alternating-bit Protocol ............ 240
The modules
Declaration of the data transfer submodule
Transitions
XI