Proteins at Solid-Liquid Interfaces

340 Pages·2006·5.775 MB·English

by  Paul R. Van Tassel (auth.), Dr. Philippe Déjardin (eds.)

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Philippe Déjardin (Ed.)
Proteins
at Solid–Liquid
Interfaces
With165Figuresand32Tables
123
Dr.PhilippeDéjardin
DirecteurdeRechercheCNRS
IEM–UniversitéMontpellier2
CC047
2PlaceEugèneBataillon
34095MontpellierCedex5
France
e-mail:[email protected]
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ISBN-103-540-32657-XSpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
ISBN-13978-3-540-32657-1SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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Preface
The adsorption of proteins at interfaces plays a role in many fields, such
ashealth,food,environmentandanalysis.Fundamentalaspectsareuseful
when considering applications. We focus here especially on solid–liquid
interfacesandpresentafewfundamentalstudiesregardingadsorptionki-
neticsandconformationalchanges,andexamplesofapplicationstosensors
andmembranes.
Thefirstpartisdedicatedtofundamentalstudiesperformedusingop-
ticalwaveguidelightmodespectroscopy,asanexampleofatechniquethat
hastheadvantageofnotrequiringlabelledproteins,butislimitedtospe-
cific supports. Conversely, the radiolabelling of proteins, which has the
disadvantageofanylabellingprocess,allowsapplicationtoanykindofsur-
faces. As proteins bearbothpositive andnegative charges, we canexpect
the influence of an electric field normal to the interface on the packag-
ing order at interfaces. The refining of data treatment may also lead to
the determination of useful structural parameters. The balance between
protein–surfaceandprotein–proteininteractionsisakeypointforthede-
scription of the structure at high coverage of the surface. Electrokinetic
methods,like measurement of thestreaming potential, maybehelpful in
theelectricalcharacterisationoftheinterfaciallayerfacingthesolution.
The second part includes different bench techniques that were devel-
oped to improve the sensitivity of the characterisation of the orientation
andstructureoftheproteinsatinterfaces:dualpolarisationinterferometry
and total internal reflection ellipsometry are such recent examples. Con-
cerningthedeterminationofthesecondarystructureatinterfaces,Fourier
transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and circular dichroism are very
welladapted.Applicationtoflatmodelsurfacescanbeperformedbyusing
the attenuated total reflectance-FTIR technique. The accessibility to the
internalpartofglobularproteinsismeasuredbythehydrogen–deuterium
exchange rate. The evaluation of proteins on biodevices by time of flight
– secondary ion mass spectroscopy is certainly a challenge given the size
ofthemolecules.Datatreatmentaccordingtomutualinformationtheory,
however,mightbeveryhelpful.
The third part considers studies more closely linked to applications.
Determination of the conformation and orientation of the proteins at in-
VI Preface
terfacesisofparticularimportancefortheunderstandingofthebehaviour
ofcellsatinterfaces.Amodelstudyispresentedwithfibronectinatpoly-
mer surfaces with graded characteristics such as hydrophilicity, charge
densityandswelling.Inadditiontosensors,materialswithalargeareaof
contactwithsolutionscontainingproteinscanbeusedinlarge-scaleappli-
cations.Microporousmembranesandtextilesaretypicallyrepresentative
of this category. They can act as concentrators of enzymes for the high-
yield transformation of substrates. The biocompatibility of these materi-
als,however,withthespecificsignificanceofanti-foulingpropertiesand/or
retainingenzymeactivity,isakeyparameterforsatisfactoryfunctioning.
Different approaches for obtaining protein-resistant surfaces from poly-
acrylonitrilemembranesarepresented.Themodulationoftheadsorption
andactivityofbiomoleculescanalsobeperformedbysurfacemodification
ofpolypropylenemembranes.Oneimportant“bio-inspired”routetosur-
facemodificationistheintroductionofphosphorylcholinemoieties,since
thezwitterionicgroupofthephospatidylcholineandsphingomyelinpolar
headcoversalargefractionoftheexternalsurfaceoftheerythrocyteand
plateletmembranes.
Iwouldliketothanktheauthorsfortheircontributionsandtheeditorial
staff of Springer for their assistance. I hope that this book may stimu-
lateinitiativesofworkintheconstantlyrenewingandfascinatingfieldof
interfacialphenomena.
Montpellier,February2006 PhilippeDéjardin
Contents
Part I Analysis of the Adsorption Kinetics
1 ProteinAdsorptionKinetics:
InfluenceofSubstrateElectricPotential 1
PaulR.VanTassel
1.1 Introduction.................................................................. 1
1.2 TheoreticalPrediction..................................................... 2
1.3 ExperimentalMeasure..................................................... 6
1.3.1 OWLSPrinciples.................................................. 6
1.3.2 OWLSExperiments.............................................. 8
1.4 Results.......................................................................... 9
1.5 Discussion..................................................................... 17
1.5.1 Surface-BoundCounterions................................... 19
1.5.2 LocalpHEffects................................................... 20
1.5.3 SolventInterfacialStructure .................................. 20
1.5.4 ProteinChargeHeterogeneity................................ 20
1.6 Conclusions................................................................... 21
References............................................................................. 21
2 FromKineticstoStructure:HighResolutionMolecularMicroscopy 23
JeremyJ.Ramsden
2.1 Introduction.................................................................. 23
2.2 OpticalWaveguideLightmodeSpectroscopy....................... 25
2.2.1 PrinciplesofOpticalBiosensing............................. 27
2.2.2 ModeEquationsforOWLS .................................... 28
2.2.3 TheUniformThinFilmApproximation(UTFA)....... 30
2.2.4 OpticalInvariants................................................. 31
2.3 ThePracticalDeterminationofWaveguideParameters ........ 34
2.3.1 DeviceFabrication ............................................... 35
2.3.2 FluidHandlingArrangements................................ 36
2.4 StaticStructure............................................................... 37
2.5 KineticAnalysisandDynamicStructuralInference............. 37
2.5.1 ParticleTransport ................................................ 37
VIII Contents
2.5.2 TheChemicalAdsorptionCoefficient...................... 40
2.5.3 TheAnalysisofTheAvailableAreaFunction............ 41
2.6 BehaviourofRealProteins............................................... 43
2.6.1 EvaluationofLateralDiffusivity
and2DCrystalUnitCellSize ................................. 44
2.6.2 Desorption.......................................................... 45
2.6.3 Multilayers.......................................................... 46
2.7 Conclusions................................................................... 47
References............................................................................. 48
3 InitialAdsorptionKineticsinaRectangularThinChannel,
andCoverage-DependentStructuralTransitionObserved
byStreamingPotential 51
PhilippeDéjardin,ElenaN.Vasina
3.1 Introduction.................................................................. 51
3.2 TheInitialAdsorptionConstantanditsLimitExpressions.... 56
3.2.1 TheLocalInitialAdsorptionConstantk(x),
itsLimitExpressionsandApproximation................. 56
3.2.2 TheMeanAdsorptionConstant,
itsLimitExpressionsandApproximation................. 59
3.2.3 ExperimentalResultsandDiscussion...................... 61
3.3 TheStructuralTransitionwithIncreasing
InterfacialConcentration................................................. 63
3.3.1 ObservationbyStreamingPotential........................ 64
3.3.2 DifferentModels.................................................. 66
3.4 Conclusion .................................................................... 67
Appendix............................................................................... 68
References............................................................................. 69
Part II Analysis of the Structure at the Interface
4 DualPolarisationInterferometry:AnOpticalTechnique
toMeasuretheOrientationandStructureofProteins
attheSolid–LiquidInterfaceinRealTime 75
NevilleFreeman
4.1 Introduction.................................................................. 75
4.2 ExperimentalApproachesAdopted ................................... 79
4.2.1 TypicalApproachAdopted .................................... 79
4.2.2 ExperimentalProtocols......................................... 79
4.2.3 Advantages.......................................................... 79
4.2.4 VerifyingDPIasanExperimentalApproach ............ 80
Contents IX
4.3 DPI:Applications............................................................ 80
4.3.1 Introduction........................................................ 80
4.3.2 ProteinOrientation .............................................. 81
4.3.3 BovineSerumAlbuminStructures
atpH3andpH7.................................................. 82
4.3.4 ProteinOrientationandSubsequentActivity............ 83
4.3.5 ProteinStructureandSmallMoleculeInteractions.... 87
4.3.6 ProteinStructureandMetalIonInteractions............ 90
4.4 FutureDevelopments ...................................................... 91
4.5 Conclusions................................................................... 93
Appendix1DPI:Background................................................... 93
A.1.1 NeutronReflection............................................... 93
A.1.2 SurfacePlasmonResonance................................... 94
Appendix2DPI:Theory.......................................................... 95
Appendix3DPI:Implementation.............................................. 99
A.3.1 Hardware............................................................ 99
A.3.2 DataAnalysis....................................................... 101
References............................................................................. 102
5 TotalInternalReflectionEllipsometry:
MonitoringofProteinsonThinMetalFilms 105
MichalPoksinski,HansArwin
5.1 Introduction.................................................................. 105
5.2 TotalInternalReflectionEllipsometry................................ 106
5.3 ExperimentalSetup......................................................... 110
5.4 ApplicationExamples...................................................... 113
5.5 FurtherPossibilities........................................................ 117
References............................................................................. 118
6 ConformationsofProteinsAdsorbedatLiquid–SolidInterfaces 119
SylvieNoinville,MadeleineRevault
6.1 Introduction.................................................................. 119
6.2 ExperimentalTechniques................................................. 125
6.2.1 High-ResolutionStructureofProteins..................... 125
6.2.2 SecondaryStructureofProteins............................. 126
6.2.3 Orientation,LocalisedStructuralInformation.......... 127
6.2.4 SpatialDistributionofProteins
intheAdsorbedLayer........................................... 128
6.2.5 SolvationInformation........................................... 129
6.3 SurfaceEffectsonBothProteinStructure
andSolvationbytheATR-FTIRTechnique.......................... 130
6.3.1 FTIRSpectralAnalysis.......................................... 130
X Contents
6.3.2 ProteinsinSolution.............................................. 132
6.3.3 Surface-InducedConformationalChanges
ofaSoftProtein:BSA............................................ 134
6.3.4 Surface-InducedConformationalChanges
ofaHardProtein:Lysozyme.................................. 138
6.3.5 Foldingorunfoldingofproteins
onhydrophobicsupports....................................... 141
6.4 Conclusion .................................................................... 142
References............................................................................. 142
7 EvaluationofProteinsonBio-Devices 151
SatokaAoyagi,MasahiroKudo
7.1 Introduction.................................................................. 151
7.2 Time-of-FlightSecondaryIonMassSpectrometry
(TOF-SIMS)................................................................... 153
7.2.1 PrinciplesofTOF-SIMS......................................... 153
7.2.2 TOF-SIMSSpectraandSecondary-IonImages.......... 156
7.2.3 DataAnalysis....................................................... 157
7.3 AnalysisofProteinsonBio-Devices................................... 161
7.3.1 CharacterizationofProteinsonSubstrates............... 161
7.3.2 InvestigationofConformationandOrientation
ofProteinsonSubstrates....................................... 164
7.3.3 ImagingofProteinDistribution............................. 165
7.3.4 OtherPointsandFutureDirections......................... 168
7.4 Summary....................................................................... 169
References............................................................................. 169
Part III Some Applications
8 FibronectinatPolymerSurfaceswithGraduatedCharacteristics 175
TiloPompe,LarsRenner,CarstenWerner
8.1 Introduction.................................................................. 175
8.2 GradatedSubstratePhysicochemistry................................ 177
8.3 FibronectinExchangeataConstantSurfaceConcentration... 181
8.4 FibronectinExchangeatVariableSurfaceConcentrations..... 188
8.5 RelevanceoftheInterfacialConstraints
ofFibronectinforCell-MatrixAdhesion............................. 195
References............................................................................. 197
Contents XI
9 DevelopmentofChemicalMicroreactors
byEnzymeImmobilizationontoTextiles 199
ChristopheInnocent,PatrickSeta
9.1 Introduction.................................................................. 199
9.2 NonconductingCellulosicTextiles..................................... 201
9.2.1 PepsinandTrypsinImmobilizationonCotton.......... 201
9.2.2 ImmobilizationofUricaseandXanthineOxidase
onIon-ExchangingTextiles.................................... 211
9.2.3 UreaseElectrodialysisCoupling ............................. 223
9.3 Electron-ConductingTextile............................................. 227
9.3.1 EnzymeImmobilizationonCarbonFelt .................. 227
9.3.2 ElectrocatalysisCouplingwithEnzyme-Conducting
TextileCatalyticReactivity .................................... 238
References............................................................................. 242
10 ApproachestoProteinResistanceonthePolyacrylonitrile-based
MembraneSurface:anOverview 245
Ling-ShuWan,Zhi-KangXu,Xiao-JunHuang
10.1 Introduction.................................................................. 245
10.2 CopolymerizationProcedures........................................... 246
10.3 Poly(ethyleneglycol)Tethering......................................... 252
10.4 PhysicalAdsorption........................................................ 257
10.5 BiomacromoleculeImmobilization.................................... 259
10.6 BiomimeticModification................................................. 263
10.7 Conclusion .................................................................... 266
References............................................................................. 268
11 ModulationoftheAdsorptionandActivityofProtein/Enzyme
onthePolypropyleneMicroporousMembraneSurface
bySurfaceModification 271
QianYang,Zhi-KangXu,Zheng-WeiDai
11.1 SurfaceModificationsforReducingNonspecific
ProteinAdsorption......................................................... 271
11.1.1 Plasmatreatment................................................. 273
11.1.2 Ultraviolet(UV)modification................................ 276
γ
11.1.3 -Ray-inducedmodification.................................. 282
11.1.4 OzoneMethod..................................................... 285
11.2 Surface-ModifiedPPMMsforEnzymeImmobilization......... 286
11.2.1 PhysicalAdsorption/Entrapment............................ 287
11.2.2 CovalentBinding.................................................. 289
11.2.3 Site-SpecificImmobilization.................................. 294
11.3 Conclusions................................................................... 295
References............................................................................. 295