Protective Coatings: Film Formation and Properties PDF
Preview Protective Coatings: Film Formation and Properties
Mei Wen · Karel Dušek Editors Protective Coatings Film Formation and Properties Protective Coatings Mei Wen (cid:129) Karel Dusˇek Editors Protective Coatings Film Formation and Properties Editors MeiWen KarelDusˇek AxaltaCoatingSystems InstituteofMacromolecularChemistry CoatingsTechnologyCenter AcademyofSciencesoftheCzechRepublic Wilmington,DE,USA Prague,CzechRepublic ISBN978-3-319-51625-7 ISBN978-3-319-51627-1 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-51627-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016962656 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Theareaofprotectiveorganiccoatingsisafieldwheremanyscientificdisciplines meet.Inordertosynthesizedesignedbindersandcuratives,andapplythemsoasto get a coating of proper performance, one has to address disciplines like organic chemistry,gelationandnetworkformationtheory,rheology,surfacescience,phys- ical chemistry, solid state physics, especially mechanics of homogeneous and inhomogeneous materials, and degradation and stability science. Because of this complexity,inthepastthedevelopmentofprotectivecoatingswasbasedmostlyon empirical experience. One has to admit that on this empirical basis, coatings of excellent performance were developed, and a few “empirical” specialists could often solve a particular problem faster (and sometimes better) than a team of specialistsinvariousdisciplines.Themethodstocharacterize coatingfilmforma- tionandpropertiesweremostlyempiricalwithoutunderstandingtheirphysics,and several variants of characterization of a given property were available. Yet, grad- ually the situation has been changing: the coating systems have been becoming more complex, more exact and comparable description of properties has been required,andnewmethodshavebeenneededtocharacterizeadditionalproperties fornewapplications.Predictionsmadeonatheoreticalbasishavebeenhelpful,at leastintheformof“whathappens,if...”.Suchdevelopmentinspiredustocollect articlesonthesetopicsandtopublishthemintheformofabook. The book is composed of three parts: The first part “Network Formation and Modeling” is focused on the preparation of contemporary binders of complex compositioncharacterizedbythedistributionsofnumbersandtypesoffunctional groups and the role of these distributions in network formation and properties development. In this context, modeling of the formation of other defects and the peculiarities of buildup of mechanical properties, when the cross-link density is high and stiff network chains develop, is important. In the second part “Coating Film Formation and Properties,” characterization methods of film formation are addressed: rheology, cryogenic scanning electron microscopy methods, infrared spectroscopy, and methods characterizing volume shrinkage and stress develop- ment during film formation. This part also deals with diffusion technology as a v vi Preface methodofdesigningdryingofcoatingfilms.Thethirdpartofthebookis“Coating Film Properties andApplications.”Thechaptersofthispartdealwith methods of characterization of film properties mainly in the final state of a coating. Thermo- dynamic analysis of swelling, which is a common method for characterizing cross-link density and polymer solvent interactions, points to the dangers of mis- interpretationoftheresults.Chaptersoncompositionaldepthprofilesarebasedon slabmicrotomyandinfraredspectroscopy,andconfocalRamanmicroscopy.Sev- eralchaptersdealwithapplicationpropertiesofcoatingsincludingcoatingappear- anceandscratchandmarresistance.Thereaderwillfindinformationonthepresent stateoftheartofthemethods.Also,themainfactorscausingdefectsandaffecting degradation and durability of coatings are discussed. This part is concluded by comprehensiveinformationonautomotivepaintapplication.Asawhole,thebook provides the reader a better understanding of the coating film formation process, coating properties, appearance, defect formation, and durability. The reader also findsinformationoncontemporarytrendsofdevelopmentintheseareas. Theeditorsaregratefultotheteamofexpertswhohelpedreviewthechapters: Karlis Adamsons, David H. Alman, Robert J. Barsotti, Stuart G. Croll, C. Brent Douglas,MiroslavaDusˇkova´-Smrcˇkova´,KevinEllwood,JasonGe,EricC.Houze, Renee J. Kelly, Douglas M. Lamb, Herong Lei, Jun Lin, Robert Matheson, Alon V. McCormick, Mark E. Nichols, Kyle Price, Christine C. Roberts, Patricia M. Sormani, Shih-Wa Wang, Wenjun Wu, and Gann G. Xu. We would also like tothankMaryB.Hallbergforprovidingadministrativesupport.Lastly,ourspecial thanks go to Axalta leadership, especially Marc B. Goldfinger, Joanne R. Hardy, and Barry S. Snyder, for their encouragement and support during the preparation, andsubsequentpublication,ofthisbook. Wilmington,DE,USA MeiWen Prague,CzechRepublic KarelDusˇek Contents PartI NetworkFormationandModeling 1 RoleofDistributionsinBindersandCuratives andTheirEffectonNetworkEvolutionandStructure. . . . . . . . . . 3 KarelDusˇek,JosHuybrechts,andMiroslavaDusˇkova´-Smrcˇkova´ 2 HeterogeneityinCrosslinkedPolymerNetworks: MolecularDynamicsSimulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 D.M.KrollandS.G.Croll 3 RigidityPercolationModelingofModulusDevelopment DuringFree-RadicalCrosslinkingPolymerization. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 MeiWen,L.E.Scriven,andAlonV.McCormick PartII CoatingFilmFormationandProperties 4 RheologyMeasurementforAutomotiveCoatings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 MichaelR.Koerner 5 MagneticMicrorheologyforCharacterization ofViscosityinCoatings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 DavidJ.Castro,Jin-OhSong,RobertK.LadeJr., andLorraineF.Francis 6 CryoSEM:RevealingMicrostructureDevelopment inDryingCoatings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 KylePrice,AlonV.McCormick,andLorraineF.Francis 7 FilmFormationThroughDesignedDiffusionTechnology. . . . . . . 153 ZhenwenFu,AndyHejl,AndySwartz,KebedeBeshah, andGaryDombrowski vii viii Contents 8 InSituFTIRStudyofCureKineticsofCoatings withControlledHumidity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 MeiWenandKarlisAdamsons 9 ShrinkageinUV-CurableCoatings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 YongHe,MiaoYao,andJunNie 10 MeasurementsofStressDevelopmentinLatexCoatings. . . . . . . . 225 KylePrice,WenjunWu,AlonV.McCormick, andLorraineF.Francis 11 StressDevelopmentinReactiveCoatings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Jirˇ´ıZelenka,KarelDusˇek,andMeiWen PartIII CoatingFilmPropertiesandApplications 12 SwellingofCoatingFilms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 KarelDusˇek,MiroslavaDusˇkova´-Smrcˇkova´, andC.BrentDouglas 13 ChemicalDepthProfilingofaMultilayerCoatingSystem UsingSlabMicrotomyandFTIR-ATRAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 KarlisAdamsonsandMeiWen 14 CharacterizationofComponentDistributionsinAcrylic LatexandPaintFilmsContaininganAlkali-Soluble Resin(ASR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 WenjunWu,DanaGarcia,andSteveSevertson 15 AdvancesinNanoScratchTestingofAutomotiveClearcoats. . . . . 333 GregoryS.Blackman,MichaelT.Pottiger,BenjaminW.Foltz, JingLi,TedDiehl,andMeiWen 16 ScratchandMarResistanceofAutomotiveCoatings. . . . . . . . . . . 361 JunLin 17 AppearanceofAutomotiveCoatings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 JunLin,JingguoShen,andMarcyE.Zimmer 18 CratersandOtherCoatingsDefects:MechanismsandAnalysis. . . 403 CliffordK.Schoff 19 DegradationofPolymerCoatingsinService:HowProperties DeteriorateDuetoStochasticDamage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 S.G.Croll 20 Long-TermMechanicalDurabilityofCoatings. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 451 MarkE.Nichols 21 AutomotivePaintApplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 JohnR.Moore Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Part I Network Formation and Modeling Chapter 1 Role of Distributions in Binders and Curatives and Their Effect on Network Evolution and Structure KarelDusˇek,JosHuybrechts,andMiroslavaDusˇkova´-Smrcˇkova´ Introduction Distributions are the most typical attributes of macromolecular systems. Distribu- tions of degrees of polymerization and molecular weights are typical for linear polymers, and distributions of molecular weights and composition are typical for copolymers. If a branching unit is present, the distributions are multiplied by the number and positional distributions of branch points. Distributions are always generatedbycross-linking;atthegelpoint,thedistributionsofmolecularweights get very wide (they diverge). One can say that distributions have turned epitheton constans of the polymeric world. Organic chemists hate distributions, physiciststolerateonlythosetheylike,butcoatingtechnologistshavetolivewith them. They try to understand them and, possibly, to utilize them to develop more competitiveproducts. Where are the distributions encountered in practice? Already in raw materials purchasedfromproducers—typicalexamplesareseveralcommonpolyisocyanates obtained by cyclotrimerization of diisocyanates or by addition of asymmetric diisocyanates to triols. Distributions in molecular weights and numbers of func- tional groups in telechelic polymers are usually narrower, but they should be accountedforwhengelationandnetworkformationareconsidered.Sidereactions are another source of distributions—well-known examples are manifold reaction paths of isocyanate group leading to formation of allophanates, biurets, and isocyanurates, but important as well are transesterifications, transamidations, K.Dusˇek(*)(cid:129)M.Dusˇkova´-Smrcˇkova´ InstituteofMacromolecularChemistry,AcademyofSciencesoftheCzechRepublic, Prague,CzechRepublic e-mail:[email protected];[email protected] J.Huybrechts AxaltaCoatingSystemsBelgiumB.V.B.A,Mechelen,Belgium ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 3 M.Wen,K.Dusˇek(eds.),ProtectiveCoatings,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-51627-1_1
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