Protection of Space Materials from the Space Environment: Proceedings of ICPMSE-4, Fourth International Space Conference, held in Toronto, Canada, April 23–24, 1998

353 Pages·2001·18.25 MB·English

by  Bruce A. Banks

PROTECTION OF SPACE MATERIALS
FROM THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT
Space Technology Proceedings
VOLUME 4
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
PROTECTION OF SPACE
MATERIALS FROM
THE SPACE
ENVIRONMENT
Proceedings of ICPMSE-4,
Fourth International Space Conference,
held in Toronto, Canada, April 23-24, 1998
Edited by
JACOB I. KLEIMAN
Integrity Testing Laboratory Inc.,
Toronto, Canada
and
RODERICK C. TENNYSON
Institute of Aerospace Studies,
University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada
If
SPRTNGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A CLP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-94-010-3838-6 ISBN 978-94-010-0714-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0714-6
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TableofContents
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction xi
OrganizingCommittee xiii
Section A: AONUV Effects,Evaluationand Modeling
1. Monte Carlo ComputationalModelingofthe Energy
DependenceofAtomic Oxygen UndercuttingofProtectedPolymers
BruceA.Banks,Thomas1.Stueber, MaryJoNorris
2. Dynamics ofAtomic-Oxygen-InducedDegradationofMaterials 15
T. K.Minton,J. W.Seale,D.1.Garton,andA.K.Frandsen
3. Generalizationofthe PredictiveModel of Erosion ofCarbon-Based 33
MaterialsbyAtomic Oxygen
1.I.Kleiman, Z.Iskanderova, Y.Gudimenko, R.C.Tennyson
4. SpectroscopicEllipsometryCharacterizationofPolymers Modified 51
byAtomic Oxygen and UltravioletRadiation
CoreyL.Bungay, Thomas E. Tiwald, MichaelJ. Devries,
JohnA. Woollam,KimK.DeGroh
5. Effect ofAtomic Oxygen ExposuresontheTribologicalProperties 73
ofMolybdenum DisulfideLubricants
M Tagawa, 1.Ikeda, H.Kinoshita,M Umeno, N.Ohmae
6. Influence ofShieldingUpon the Structureand Properties 85
of PolymerCompositeMaterials, Exposedonthe Surface of
the MirOrbitalComplex
0.V. Startsev, v.v. Isupov, E.F.Nikishin
7. CleanlinessSupportofVehicle Fairingsfor Spacecraft 95
V.Sitalo,V. Tikhiy
8. InsituXPS Studies ofKapton Exposedto5eVAtomic Oxygen 103
E.Grossman, Y. Lifshitz,1.T. Wolan, c.x. Mount,G.B. Hojlund
vi
SectionB: Instrumentation,Sensors,NewTechnologies
9. ALowCost,LightweightReusable SensorforAtomicOxygenDetection 115
1.1. Osborne, G.T. Roberts, S.B.GabrielandA.R.Chambers
10. Large-Scale ECR-CVDPreparationofIntegratedThin-FilmStructures 125
forSpaceApplications
RomanV. Kruzelecky, AsokeK.Ghosh, EthelPoireandDariusNikanpour
11. Non-Silicone Inorganic Polymer-BasedCoatingsforAtomicOxygen 137
Protection inLEO- Part2
E.Poire,B.G.Sellars andD.Nguyen
12.Research AspectsofScalingUptheImplantoxTechnology 145
forProtectionofPolymers inSpace
ZA.Iskanderova, 1.I.Kleiman, Y. Gudimenko, R.C.Tennyson,
1. G.Brown, O.R.Monteiro, B.A.Banks, M1.Norris
SectionC: Thermal Control inLEO
13.AComparisonofSpaceandGround-Based Facility 165
EnvironmentalEffectsforFEPTeflon
SharonK.Rutledge, BruceA.Banks, MichaelKitral
14.EvaluationofLowEarthOrbit EnvironmentalEffectsonInternational 181
SpaceStationThermalControl Materials
JoyceA.Dever. SharonK. Rutledge,MarkMHasegawa, Charles K.Reed
15. SomeAspectsoftheDegradation ofFEPTeflon Material 197
UndertheActionofVUV,theSunandGroundTestVUVFacilities
A.Miltntchouk,M Van Eesbeek
16.EvaluationofCOFMDPSChromicAcidAnodization 211
inLEOEnvironment
C.Acket,1.Marco, A.Pail/ous, R.ReuletandV. Viel
17. ADatabasefortheSelectionofSurfacesandMaterials forSpace 229
andGround-based Applications
S.H. McCall, A.1. Clark, R.A.Ellis, R.A.Henderson, A.E.Piotrowski,
L.A. Piotrowski, MA.Reid,1.W. Rodney,R.P.Breault, ML.McCall
18. ThermalControlMaterialsandCoatingsCurrentlyBeingDeveloped 235
inFranceforUse inLowEarthOrbit
F. Guerardand1.C.Guillaumon
vii
19. ModificationofThermal Control PaintsbyPhotosil' Technology 243
1.1. Kleiman, Y. Gudimenko, Z. A.Iskanderova, R.C.Tennyson,
W.D.Morison
SectionD: ChargedParticles/SoftX-Rays/MeteoroidsffhermalCycling
20. SimulatedSolarFlareX-RayandThermalCyclingDurability 253
EvaluationofHSTThermalControlCandidateReplacement Materials
Kim. K.deGroh,B.A.Banks,E.A.Sechkar, D.A.Scheiman
21. Radiation-InducedEffectsinSi0 ProtectiveCoatingson 281
2
PolymericSpacecraftMaterials
C.Coia, A.C.Fozza, MR. Wertheimer,G.CzeremuszkinandA.Houdayer
22. InfluenceofElectronandProtonFluxesonOpticalProperties 291
ofProtectiveEnamel
S.N.Skovorod'ko, A. V. Kurilovich, V. Ya. Mendeleyev, V. N. Vasil'yev
23. MeteoroidHazardintheLEOSpaceEnvironment 295
Ya.S. Yatskiv, V.G.KruchinenkoandYu.l. Voloshchuk
24. CharacterizingtheAnnual MeteoroidStreams 305
MartinBeech
25. OxidationKineticsofVBGroupMetalsbyAtomicand 331
MolecularOxygen
A.G.Gusakov,S.A.Raspopov, A.G. Voropayev,
ML. Zheludkevich. andA.A.Vecher
26.TheNewApproach inDevelopingMethodsforBetter Protection 339
ofMaterialsandStructuresfrom LEOSpaceEnvironment
A.K.Galytsky, A.I.Stegnyy, V.P. GusyninandB.M Shevchuk
AuthorIndex 351
SubjectIndex 353
Acknowledgements
We would liketo acknowledge the following for their generous support ofICPMSE-4,
the Fourth International Conference on Protection ofMaterials and Structures fromthe
LowEarthOrbit Space Environment;
• The Canadian Space Agency; the Space Station Program Office
andtheDirectorateofSpace Mechanics, part oftheDirectorateGeneral
of Space Technology;
• Materials and ManufacturingOntario (MMO)
• ComDev Ltd.
• CRESTech,
• SPARAerospaceLtd.
• ASM International,Ontario Chapter;
.The UniversityofToronto Institute forAerospace Studies
Aswell, we would liketo acknowledge the efforts oftext editor Daphne Lavers, Delta
Blue Communications, Toronto and Dr. Z. Iskanderova from the Integrity Testing
Laboratory Inc.forher veryenthusiasticandthorough reviewoftheedited material.
Jacob Kleiman,Integrity TestingLaboratoryInc.
Conference Chairman
ix
Introduction
This publication presents the proceedings of ICPMSE-4, the fourth
international conference on Protection ofMaterials and Structures from the Low Earth
Orbit Space Environment,held inTorontoApril 23-24, 1998.
The conferencewas hostedand organizedby Integrity TestingLaboratoryInc.
(ITL),and held atthe UniversityofToronto's Institute for AerospaceStudies(UTIAS).
Twenty two industrial companies, six universities and fourteen government agencies
from Canada, USA, United Kingdom, France, Israel, Russia, Ukraine and the
Netherlands were represented by over 75 participants indicating increasing
international co-operation in this critical arena of protection of materials in space.
Twenty-seven speakers, world experts intheir fields, delivered talks on a wide variety
oftopics on various aspects ofmaterial protection in space. Representatives from the
Canadian, American, European and Israeli space agencies as well as from leading
space research laboratories ofmajoraerospace industriesgatheredat UTIAS to discuss
the latest developments inthe field ofmaterial and structure protection from the harsh
space environment.
We are very proud that this meeting is held in Canada. With the launch ofits
first satellite, Alouette I, in 1962, Canada firmly established itselfamong the leading
nations in space exploration programs. With its seventh astronaut, Dr. Dave Williams,
inspace on board the U.S. shuttle Columbiaasthe conferencebegan,Canadacontinues
to contribute significant effort to the exploration and conquest ofspace. The Canadian
Space Agency, through its numerous programs such as the Strategic Technologies for
Automation and Robotics (STEAR), promotes the advancement of strategic space
technologies, including those contributing to the longevity ofmaterials and structures
inthespace environment.
This forum, as in previous years, brought to Toronto a substantial and
distinguished representation ofthe scientific communities ofNorth America, Europe
and Asia, working in different fields ofprotection ofmaterials and structures from the
harsh conditionsofLEO space environment.
A briefglance at the achievements in space exploration in the last two years
are impressive. The recent findings by Hubble, the breath-taking journey of the
Pathfinderon Martianterrain, the stunningpicturesfrom the Galileo mission, those are
just a few of the achievements in the last years. It is, without doubt, however, the
International Space Station that presently attracts the most effort and attention around
the world.
Countries from all over the world are involved in the construction of the
International Space Station (ISS) Alpha. The main structure ofthe 28-foot-long, 14
foot-wide U.S. laboratory module and the nearly 80,000 lb (36,300 kg) ofhardware
were constructed in 1995. This includes solar array panels, rack structures, and hatch
assemblies. The signing of an agreement between NASA and the Russian Space
Agency (RKA) in 1996 ledto a$5.63 billiondesign and developmentcontractwith the
Boeing Corporation. Space assembly began in June, 1998, with the Proton launch of
xi
xii
the Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Canada's contribution is the Mobile Service
System(MSS) to provide external station robotics. Japan's contribution isthe Japanese
Experiment Module (JEM), and in Europe, the European Space Agency developed
both a pressurized laboratory called Columbus Orbital Facility (COF) and the
Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) forsupplyinglogistics andpropulsion.
A very important milestone in the development ofthe ISS was achieved in
January of 1998 in Washington when senior government officials from 15 countries
signed agreements to establish the framework for cooperation among the partners on
thedesign, development,operation and utilization ofthe ISS. Itisalso remarkable that
the first four international crews consisting of American astronauts and Russian
cosmonauts werenamed bythe U.S.andtheRussianspace agencies.
For the ISS and other future space exploration projects,the safety ofthe crew
andthe soundness ofthe structures willbe the major concern.Questions about thermal
stability, resistance to softandhard radiation sources, andcombined effectsofvacuum
ultraviolet, atomic oxygen and micrometeoroids will continue to accumulate with the
development of new materials and the increased use of polymers, plastics and
composite materials. For these reasons, the ICPMSE-4 meeting initiated in 1991
remainstimelyandnecessary.
These proceedings areorganized intofoursections:
a)AOIVUVandRadiation Effects,Evaluation andModelling;
b) Instrumentation, Sensors, newTechnologies;
c)Thermal Control inLEO;
d)Charged particles/Soft X-Rays/Meteoroids/ThennalCycling
Jacob Kleiman, Chairman/OrganizingCommittee/ICPMSE-4
IntegrityTesting Laboratory Inc.,
April 1998