Protecting civilians in war : the ICRC, UNHCR, and their limitations in internal armed conflicts PDF
Preview Protecting civilians in war : the ICRC, UNHCR, and their limitations in internal armed conflicts
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,9/1/2016,SPi PROTECTING CIVILIANS IN WAR OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,9/1/2016,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,9/1/2016,SPi Protecting Civilians in War The ICRC, UNHCR, and their Limitations fl in Internal Armed Con icts MIRIAM BRADLEY 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,9/1/2016,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©MiriamBradley2016 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2016 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015952192 ISBN 978–0–19–871638–9 PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,9/1/2016,SPi Acknowledgements This book builds on doctoral research completed at Oxford University in 2012,andalongtheway,theprojecthasbenefitedfrompractical,intellectual, and personal inputs from many individuals and institutions. For my doctor- ate,IreceivedsponsorshipfromJosephSassoonandadditionalfundingfrom theDepartmentofPoliticsandInternationalRelationsandfromStAntony’s College,Oxford.MydoctoralfieldworkinColombiawasalsosupportedbya scholarship from Santander bank. Lots of people contributed to making my doctoral studies happy and productive, but Louise Fawcett, Joseph Sassoon, and Dave Zarnett deserve special mention for their support and encourage- mentthroughout. IwasfortunatetogoontoapostdoctoralfellowshipintheProgrammefor the Study of International Governance at the Graduate Institute of Inter- nationalandDevelopmentStudiesinGeneva.IamgratefultoTomBiersteker forgivingmecompleteflexibilityduringthefellowship,whichenabledmeto focusonthebookandtoundertakeadditionalfieldresearchintheDemocratic Republic of Congo and Myanmar. Andreas Indregard and Susanne Kempel wereexcellenthostsinYangon,sharingtheirwonderfulhomeaswellastheir expertiseandinsights. Several people took time to read and comment on draft sections of my thesisorofthebookmanuscript.IamespeciallygratefulforinputfromGuy Goodwin-Gill,AndyHurrell,NeilMacFarlane,EduardoPosada-Carbó,Dave Zarnett,andRogerZetter. DavidForsythe,StephenHopgood,AdamRoberts,andHugoSlimallread my doctoral thesis in its entirety, and provided excellent feedback and sug- gestions, without which this book would probably not exist, and would certainlybeafarpooreroffering. Finally, this book would have been impossible without the input of the manycurrentandformerICRCandUNHCRstaffIspoketoatheadquarters in Geneva, and in Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Myan- mar.Theygavegenerouslyoftheirtimeandreflections,andmybiggestthanks go to them. I know some of them will disagree with some of the arguments I make, and some of the conclusions I draw, but I hope I have represented their experiences accurately and fairly. For all my criticisms of the organiza- tionstheyworkfor,theseindividualswere—withoutexception—deeplycom- mittedtothecivilianstheysoughttoprotect. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,9/1/2016,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,9/1/2016,SPi Contents Tables ix Introduction 1 Background 2 TheICRCandUNHCR 5 Colombia,theDRC,andMyanmar 7 MethodsandPresentation 19 PlanoftheBook 20 1. TheICRCandUNHCR 22 InstitutionalHistory 23 InstitutionalStructure 28 InstitutionalCulture 33 Conclusions 38 2. PrinciplesofHumanitarianAction 40 Humanity 40 Impartiality 42 Neutrality 54 Independence 65 Conclusions 67 3. LegalFrameworksforProtection 69 KeyLegalandNormativeFrameworksfortheProtection ofCivilians 69 Laws,Norms,andtheMandatesandActivitiesoftheICRC andUNHCR 79 TheUseandUsefulnessoftheseFrameworks 92 Conclusions 98 4. ObjectivesandStrategiesofProtection 101 ClassifyingProtectionObjectives 101 ViolenceReduction 104 ThreatReduction 107 VulnerabilityReduction 113 MitigatingtheConsequencesofViolence 119 EndsandMeans 120 Conclusions 126 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,9/1/2016,SPi viii Contents 5. ProtectionRolesandResponsibilitiesofOtherActors 129 States 130 Non-StateArmedPartiestoConflict 140 AffectedCommunities,Civil(andUncivil)Society 149 Conclusions 152 6. ProtectionActivities 155 MonitoringandAnalysis 156 RegistrationandDocumentation 160 DialogueandAdvocacy 162 Education,Training,andSensitization 171 DevelopingLegalandNormativeFrameworks 175 MaterialAssistanceandPracticalProjects 178 ActivitiesinOtherStrandsoftheICRCandUNHCRMandates 183 Conclusions 186 Conclusion 187 OldSolutionsforNewProblems 188 LimitationsofReplicatedApproaches 191 TheoreticalImplications 194 Bibliography 197 Index 215 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,9/1/2016,SPi Tables Table1.1. InstitutionalcharacteristicsoftheICRCandUNHCR 39 Table4.1. Examplesofdifferenttechniquesorlogicsofdialogue 110 Table4.2. Examplesofthreatstocivilians 114
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