Protecting Building Occupants and Operations from Biological and Chemical Airborne Threats: A Framework for Decision Making

153 Pages·2007·1.06 MB·English

by  National Research Council

Protecting Building occuPants
and oPerations from Biological
and chemical airBorne threats
a framework for decision making
Committee on Protecting Occupants of DOD Buildings
from Chemical and Biological Release
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
Board on Life Sciences
Division on Earth and Life Studies
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) under Award
No. HDTRA1-06-C-0052. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the
views or policies of DTRA, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or
organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. government.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10955-0
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10955-8
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COMMITTEE ON PROTECTING OCCUPANTS OF DOD BUILDINGS
FROM CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RELEASE
Co-chairs
DaviD R. FRanz, Midwest Research Institute, Fredrick, Maryland
noRman L. Johnson, Referentia Systems, Honolulu, Hawaii
Members
WiLLiam P. BahnFLeth, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Cynthia BRuCkneR-Lea, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland,
Washington
steven B. BuChsBaum, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
sheLDon k. FRieDLanDeR (deceased), University of California, Los Angeles
muRRay hamLet, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine,
Kingston, Massachusetts
stuaRt L. knooP, Oudens Knoop Knoop + Sachs Architects, Chevy Chase,
Maryland
anDReW maieR, Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio
R. PauL sChauDies, GenArraytion, Inc., Rockville, Maryland
RiChaRD G. sextRo, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California
LinDa D. stetzenBaCh, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
LinDa m. thomas-moBLey, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
DaviD R. WaLt, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
Staff
evonne P.y. tanG, Study Director, Board on Life Sciences
eRiCka m. mCGoWan, Associate Program Officer, Board on Chemical Sciences
and Technology
DoRothy zoLanDz, Director, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
iv
BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Co-chairs
F. FLeminG CRim (NAS), University of Wisconsin, Madison
eLsa ReiChmanis (NAE), Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Members
PauL t. anastas, Green Chemistry Institute, New Haven, Connecticut
GaRy s. CaLaBRese, Rohm & Haas Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jean De GRaeve, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
PaBLo G. DeBeneDetti, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
miLes P. DRake, Weyerhaeuser Company, Allentown, Pennsylvania
GeoRGe W. FLynn, Columbia University, New York
mauRiCio FutRan, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick,
New Jersey
PauLa t. hammonD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
RoBeRt hWanG, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Jay v. ihLenFeLD, 3M Research & Development, St. Paul, Minnesota
James L. kinsey, Rice University, Houston, Texas
maRtha a. kReBs, California Energy Commission, Sacramento
ChaRLes t. kResGe, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
sCott J. miLLeR, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
GeRaLD v. PoJe, Independent Consultant, Vienna, Virginia
DonaLD PRosnitz, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,
California
mattheW v. tiRReLL, University of California, Santa Barbara
Staff
DoRothy zoLanDz, Director
tina m. masCianGioLi, Program Officer
eRiCka m. mCGoWan, Associate Program Officer
FeDeRiCo san maRtini, Associate Program Officer
kathRyn huGhes, Postdoctoral Fellow
JessiCa PuLLen, Research Assistant
keLa masteRs, Project Assistant
syBiL a. PaiGe, Administrative Associate
v
BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES
Chair
keith yamamoto, University of California, San Francisco
Members
ann m. aRvin, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
JeFFRey L. Bennetzen, University of Georgia, Athens
Ruth BeRkeLman, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
DeBoRah BLum, University of Wisconsin, Madison
R. aLta ChaRo, University of Wisconsin, Madison
JeFFeRy L. DanGL, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
PauL R. ehRLiCh, Stanford University, Stanford, California
maRk D. Fitzsimmons, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation,
Chicago, Illinois
Jo hanDeLsman, University of Wisconsin, Madison
eD haRLoW, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
kenneth h. keLLeR, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
RanDaLL muRCh, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Alexandria
GReGoRy a. Petsko, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
muRieL e. Poston, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York
James ReiChman, University of California, Santa Barbara
maRC t. tessieR-LaviGne, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
James tieDJe, Michigan State University, East Lansing
teRRy L. yates, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
Staff
FRanCes e. shaRPLes, Director
keRRy a. BRenneR, Senior Program Officer
ann h. ReiD, Senior Program Officer
maRiLee k. sheLton-DavenPoRt, Senior Program Officer
evonne P.y. tanG, Senior Program Officer
RoBeRt t. yuan, Senior Program Officer
aDam P. FaGen, Program Officer
anna FaRRaR, Financial Associate
tova G. JaCoBovits, Senior Program Assistant
meRCuRy Fox, Program Assistant
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Dedication
Dr. Sheldon Friedlander passed away on February 9, 2007, while
he was serving on the Committee on Protecting Occupants of DOD
Buildings from Chemical and Biological Release. The committee felt
honored to have worked with him on this report. Sheldon was a world
renowned expert in aerosol science and technology and a member of
the National Academy of Engineering. His hard work and dedica-
tion to the National Academies and the field of aerosol research will
always be remembered. Sheldon will remain fondly in the minds and
hearts of all who knew him.
—The staff and committee members of the Committee on Protecting
Occupants of DOD buildings from chemical and biological release
vii

Preface
T
he Department of Defense (DOD) has identified acts of terror that employ
biological or chemical airborne threat agents as a priority. Protecting
buildings from release of biological and chemical airborne threat agents
is only one aspect of DOD’s effort to develop an active defensive program. In its
simplest expression, protection of building occupants from biological and chemi-
cal airborne threats requires the creation and maintenance of a protective system
sufficient to deter such an attack and to minimize its impact should an attack
occur. The Immune Building Program was developed by the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency for that purpose. As the Immune Building Program
progressed from the research and development stage to the active deployment
stage, DOD reassigned management of the program to the Defense Threat Reduc-
tion Agency (DTRA). Prior to the inheritance of that program, DTRA determined
that a multifaceted look at building protection would be helpful in determining
the future of building protection efforts within DTRA. The National Academies
was asked to convene an expert committee to evaluate the proper terminology to
exchange information; the metrics to be used to evaluate test beds and current
deployments; the applicability of lessons learned from previous test beds and
deployments—both in the military and the public domain; the protocols to be
used; and the cost-benefit of different approaches and their relative risks. The ul-
timate goal of this study is to provide guidance in the complex-wide deployment
of building protection to DTRA. Although the requirement is simply stated, its
fulfillment is much more challenging.
The committee held four meetings in Washington, D.C., and St. Louis, Mis-
souri, from September 18 to December 19, 2006. The committee was briefed by
representatives of federal agencies and other entities that have deployed building
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