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Prostitutes Cover ideas 11/28/05 11:53 AM Page 1 Prostitutes & Classics / Women’s Studies / Ancient History Prostitutes & Courtesans Courtesans in the F in the Ancient World M a cr Ca o µ µ ln Ancient World u e r “Demonstrates, quite splendidly, how the study of prostitution in the ancient e & world provides crucial insight into the nature of ancient life, its mores, social practices, and political ideologies and discourses.” –Ellen Greene, author of The Erotics of Domination µ µ iP n Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient Worldexplores the implications of sex-for-pay across a r broad span of time, from ancient Mesopotamia to the early Christian period. In ancient times, to although they were socially marginal, prostitutes connected with almost every aspect of daily hs life. They sat in brothels and walked the streets; they paid taxes and set up dedications in t e religious sanctuaries; they appeared as characters–sometimes admirable, sometimes i At despicable–on the comic stage and in the law courts; they lived lavishly, consorting with famous poets and politicians; and they participated in otherwise all male banquets and drinking nu parties, where they aroused jealousy among their anxious lovers. ct The chapters in this volume examine a wide variety of genres and sources, from legal and ie e religious tracts to the genres of lyric poetry, love elegy, and comic drama to the graffiti scrawled s on the walls of ancient Pompeii. These essays reflect the variety and vitality of the debates n & engendered by the last three decades of research by confronting the ambiguous terms for pros- t titution in ancient languages, the difficulty of distinguishing the prostitute from the woman W C who is merely promiscuous or adulterous, the question of whether sacred or temple o prostitution actually existed in the ancient Near East and Greece, and the political and social o u implications of literary representations of prostitutes and courtesans. r r l t “This volume engages provocatively with previous studies on the topic of d e prostitution in Greece, Rome, and the Near East. The readable style and lively s English translations will make this book accessible not only to students and a specialists but also to the broader reading public.” n —Judith P. Hallett, coeditor of Roman Sexualities s µ µ CHRISTOPHERA. FARAONEis professor of classics at the University of Chicago, author of Ancient Greek Love Magic, and coeditor of Magika Hiera: Ancient Greek Magic and Religion. LAURAK. MCCLUREis professor of classics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, author of Courtesans at Table: Gender and Greek Literary Culture in Athenaeus, and editor of Sexuality and Gender in the Ancient World. Wisconsin Studies in Classics µ µ William Aylward, Nicholas D. Cahill, and Patricia A. Rosenmeyer, General Editors Edited by The University of Wisconsin Press Christopher A. Faraone & Madison, Wisconsin W www.wisc.edu/wisconsinpress IS C Laura K. McClure Cover Illustration: © The J. Paul Getty Museum, O N Villa Collection, Malibu, California. 978-0-299-21314-5 S Cover Design: John Huston Graphic Design IN Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World Publication of this volume has been made possible through the generous support and enduring vision of warren g. moon. Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World Edited by christopher a. faraone and laura k. mcclure t h e u n i v e r s i t y o f w i s c o n s i n p r e s s The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street Madison, Wisconsin 53711 www.wisc.edu/wisconsinpress/ 3 Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU, England Copyright © 2006 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prostitutes and courtesans in the ancient world / edited by Christopher A. Faraone and Laura K. McClure. p. cm.—(Wisconsin studies in classics) Papers from the conference, “Prostitution in the Ancient World,” held in Madison, April 12–14, 2002, hosted by the Classics and Hebrew and Semitic Studies department at the University. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-299-21310-2 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 0-299-21314-5 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Prostitution—Greece—History—Congresses. 2. Prostitution— Rome—History—Congresses. 3. Courtesans—Greece—History— Congresses. 4. Courtesans—Rome—History—Congresses. 5. Sex role—Greece—History—To 1500—Congresses. 6. Sex role— Rome—History—To 1500—Congresses. I. Faraone, Christopher A. II. McClure, Laura, 1959– III. Series. HQ113P76 2005 306.74´0938—dc22 2005005455 Contents Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations and Transliteration ix Introduction 3 laura k. mcclure Prostitution and the Sacred Marriage, Divorce, and the Prostitute in Ancient Mesopotamia 21 martha t. roth Prostitution in the Social World and the Religious Rhetoric of Ancient Israel 40 phyllis a. bird Heavenly Bodies: Monuments to Prostitutes in Greek Sanctuaries 59 catherine keesling Sacred Prostitution in the First Person 77 stephanie l. budin Legal and Moral Discourses on Prostitution Free and Unfree Sexual Work: An Economic Analysis of Athenian Prostitution 95 edward e. cohen v vi Contents The Bad Girls of Athens: The Image and Function of Hetairaiin Judicial Oratory 125 allison glazebrook The Psychology of Prostitution in Aeschines’ Speech against Timarchus 139 susan lape Zoning Shame in the Roman City 161 thomas mcginn The Politics of Prostitution: Clodia, Cicero, and Social Order in the Late Roman Republic 177 marsha mccoy Matronaand Whore: Clothing and Definition in Roman Antiquity 186 kelly olson Prostitution, Comedy, and Public Performance Priestess and Courtesan: The Ambivalence of Female Leadership in Aristophanes’ Lysistrata 207 christopher a. faraone ACourtesan’s Choreography: Female Liberty and Male Anxiety at the Roman Dinner Party 224 sharon l. james Infamous Performers: Comic Actors and Female Prostitutes in Rome 252 anne duncan The Phallic Lesbian: Philosophy, Comedy, and Social Inversion in Lucian’sDialogues of the Courtesans 274 kate gilhuly Bibliography 295 Contributors 329 Index 333 Index Locorum 353 Acknowledgments The editors would like to acknowledge the Anonymous Fund of the College of Letters and Science at the University of Wisconsin for their generous funding of the conference at which these papers were first de- livered, “Prostitution in the Ancient World,” held in Madison, April 12– 14, 2002. We are also grateful to colleagues in the Classics and Hebrew and Semitic Studies Department at Wisconsin for their hospitality dur- ing the conference. The series editor for UW Press, Patricia Rosen- meyer, deserves special thanks for her support of the manuscript at an early stage. The volume benefited from the remarks of the readers for the press, Judith Hallett and Ellen Greene, especially on the Roman ma- terials. Thanks also to our editor, Sheila Moermond, for her help in the preparation of the manuscript and to Alex Pappas in Madison and Mar- tin Devecka in Chicago for their help with the bibliography and indices. Lastly, we would like to thank all of our contributors for their patience with what has been a rather protracted editing process, especially given the postponement of the original conference date due to the events of September 11, 2001. We hope that their thoughtful reflections on a com- plex yet integral aspect of the ancient world will engender further di- alogue in the fields of ancient gender studies and cultural criticism. vviiii Abbreviations and Transliteration Abbreviations for frequently cited books, journals, and reference works appear in the list below. All other references to modern works consist of the author’s name and the date of publication; full citations can be found in the bibliography at the end of this volume. In transliterating Greek, it has seemed reasonable, if not entirely consistent, to use the fa- miliar Latinized spelling of those names for which this has become “normal” English usage and in other cases to use a direct transliteration from the Greek. ARV2 J. D. Beazley. Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters. 2nd ed. Oxford, 1963. BDB Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. BM British Museum. CCSL Corpus christianorum: Series latina. CEG P.A. Hansen, ed. Carmina epigraphica graeca, saeculorum VIII–V a. Chr. n.Berlin, 1983. CEG2 P. A. Hansen, ed. Carmina epigraphica graeca, saeculi IV a. Chr. n.Berlin, 1989. Etym. Magn. Etymologicum magnum.Venice, 1499. FGrH. F. Jacoby, ed. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Berlin, 1923–. HAL L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm, eds. Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament. Leiden, 1967–1995. IG 13 D. Lewis, ed. Inscriptiones graecae. 3rd ed. of vol. 1. Berlin, 1981. IG 22 J. Kirchner, ed. Inscriptiones graecae. 2nd ed. of vol. 2. Berlin,1913–40. ix