Prostate Cancer Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine)

417 Pages·2003·3.644 MB·English

by  PJ Russell, P Jackson, EA Kingsley

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Prostate Cancer Methods and Protocols
M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R M E D I C I N ETM
John M. Walker, SERIES EDITOR
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M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R M E D I C I N ETM
Prostate Cancer
Methods
and Protocols
Edited by
Pamela J. Russell
Paul Jackson
and
Elizabeth A. Kingsley
Oncology Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital,
Randwick, Australia
Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Prostate cancer methods and protocols / edited by Pamela J. Russell, Paul Jackson, and
Elizabeth A. Kingsley.
p. ; cm. -- (Methods in molecular medicine ; 81)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-89603-978-1 (alk. paper) eISBN 1-59259-372-0
1. Prostate--Cancer--Molecular diagnosis. I. Russell, Pamela J. (Pamela Joan) II.
Jackson, Paul. III. Kingsley, Elizabeth A. (Elizabeth Anne) IV. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Prostatic Neoplasms--diagnosis. 2. Molecular Diagnostic Techniques. WJ
752 P9655345 2003]
RC280.P7P75935 2003
616.99'463075--dc21
2003040672
Preface
Prostate cancer is the second leading cancer in men in Western society.
A major concern, and an area of intensive research, involves understanding
why certain prostate cancers remain localized or indolent, whereas others
become aggressive and metastasize. The differences between these cancer
types have profound implications for patients and physicians. Indolent dis-
ease, which grows very slowly, generally does not cause any problems to the
patient, whereas aggressive disease requires immediate treatment, the earlier
the better. At present, there are no markers that discriminate between these
two entities, thus causing a dilemma for the management of patients who have
recently been diagnosed. The aim of Prostate Cancer Methods and Protocols
is to explore cutting-edge molecular methods that may have the potential to
reveal markers of disease for use in more accurate diagnoses of prostate can-
cer and, consequently, to lead to new treatment strategies. This book provides
a comprehensive collection of both in vitro and in vivo step-by-step protocols
currently used by leaders in prostate cancer research, advice on approaches
that can be used in the study of prostate cancer, as well as reviews covering
areas less amenable to laboratory research, such as environmental factors in
prostate cancer, to provide the reader with an overview of the prostate cancer
research field as it currently stands.
Prostate Cancer Methods and Protocols is divided into sections cover-
ing in vitro techniques for the study of normal prostate epithelial cells and
stem cells, their immortalization and growth in three-dimensional culture as
spheroids, as well as in traditional monolayer culture, and in vivo models of
prostate cancer for study, including new transgenic lines, and models for study-
ing the mechanisms by which prostate cancer cells metastasize to the bone.
One section covers new methods for accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer,
including histological assessment, studies of cells in semen, and methylation
analysis of the GSTpi (the pi isozyme of glutathione-S-transferase), a poten-
tial prostate cancer-specific marker. Another section examines extensive
molecular, biological, and biochemical approaches—such as studies of
enzymes secreted by prostate cancer cells, some of which may be cancer-
specific—and changes in the androgen receptor in cancer that can influence
v
vi Preface
the outcome of hormonal treatments, as well as proteome and microarray analy-
ses. The final section addresses new strategies for the treatment of refractory
disease, including the possible role of flavonoids, targeted alpha therapy, meth-
ods for implementing immune therapy, and prostate-specific gene therapy.
Prostate Cancer Methods and Protocols provides helpful tools for all
scientists engaged in prostate cancer research, students needing the basis of
protocols and reviews, and clinicians wanting to know the latest methods in
use for diagnosing, studying, and treating prostate cancer.
Pamela J. Russell
Paul Jackson
Elizabeth A. Kingsley
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................v
Contributors.....................................................................................................ix
1 Epidemiological Investigation of Prostate Cancer
Graham G. Giles.....................................................................................1
2 Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
Pamela J. Russell and Elizabeth A. Kingsley..................................21
3 Growth of Prostatic Epithelial and Stromal Cells In Vitro
Donna M. Peehl....................................................................................41
4 Prostate Epithelial Stem Cell Isolation and Culture
David L. Hudson and John R. W. Masters........................................59
5 Generation of Immortal Human Prostate Cell Lines for the Study
of Prostate Cancer
Johng S. Rhim.....................................................................................69
6 Spheroids of Prostate Tumor Cell Lines
George Sgouros, Wei-Hong Yang, and Richard Enmon..............79
7 Animal Models of Prostate Cancer
Pamela J. Russell and Dale J. Voeks.............................................89
8 Transgenic Mouse Models for Prostate Cancer: Identification
of an Androgen-Dependent Promoter and Creation
and Characterization of the Long Probasin Promoter-Large
T Antigen (LPB-Tag) Model
Susan Kasper, William Tu, Richard L. Roberts,
and Scott B. Shappell..................................................................113
9 In Vivo Models of Human Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis
Julie M. Brown...................................................................................149
10 Effects of Fixation on Tissues
Elin Mortensen and Julie M. Brown..............................................163
11 Background, Methods, and Protocols for the Histopathological
Diagnosis of Prostate Carcinoma
Warick Delprado...............................................................................181
vii
viii Contents
12 Realizing the Potential of Ejaculate/Seminal Fluid in Detecting
and Predicting Natural History
R. A. Gardiner, Michelle Burger, Judith A. Clements,
and Martin F. Lavin......................................................................199
13 Bisulfite Methylation Analysis of Tumor Suppressor Genes
in Prostate Cancer from Fresh and Archival Tissue Samples
Susan J. Clark, Douglas S. Millar, and Peter Molloy....................219
14 Production and Characterization of Antipeptide Kallikrein 4
Antibodies: Use of Computer Modeling to Design Peptides
Specific to Kallikrein 4
Tracey J. Harvey, Ying Dong, Loan Bui, Russell Jarrott,
Terry Walsh, and Judith A. Clements.......................................241
15 The Androgen Receptor CAG Repeat and Prostate Cancer Risk
Peter E. Clark, Ryan A. Irvine, and Gerhard A. Coetzee...........255
16 Studies on Androgen Receptor Mutations and Amplification
in Human Prostate Cancer
Zoran Culig, Alfred Hobisch, Martin Erdel, Georg Bartsch,
and Helmut Klocker......................................................................267
17 Proteomics in the Analysis of Prostate Cancer
Soren Naaby-Hansen, Kohji Nagano, Piers Gaffney,
John R. W. Masters, and Rainer Cramer.................................277
18 Application of Gene Microarrays in the Study of Prostate Cancer
Colleen C. Nelson, Douglas Hoffart, Martin E. Gleave,
and Paul S. Rennie.......................................................................299
19 Enhancer Trap Method Using a Green Fluorescent Protein
Reporter Plasmid for Cloning Tissue-Specific Enhancers
Active in Prostate Cells
Fujiko Watt and Peter Molloy.........................................................321
20 Targeted Alpha Therapy of Prostate Cancer
Barry J. Allen, Yong Li, Syed M. A. Rizvi,
and Pamela J. Russell.................................................................333
21 Phenotypic and Functional Differences of Dendritic Cells
Generated Under Different In Vitro Conditions
Stephanie E. B. McArdle, Selman A. Ali, Geng Li,
Shahid Mian, and Robert C. Rees..............................................359
22 Flavonoid Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment
of Prostate Cancer
Graham E. Kelly and Alan J. Husband..........................................377
Index............................................................................................................395
Contributors
SELMAN A. ALI • Department of Life Sciences, Nottingham Trent University,
Nottingham, UK
BARRY J. ALLEN • Center for Experimental Radiation Oncology, Cancer
Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia
GEORG BARTSCH • Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck,
Innsbruck, Austria
JULIE M. BROWN • Oncology Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital,
Randwick, Australia
LOAN BUI • Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences,
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
MICHELLE BURGER • Department of Surgery at Royal Brisbane Hospital,
University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
PETER E. CLARK • Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School
of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
SUSAN J. CLARK • CSIRO Molecular Science, North Ryde, Australia
JUDITH A. CLEMENTS • Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, School of Life
Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
GERHARD A. COETZEE • Departments of Urology, Microbiology and
Molecular Immunology, and Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of
Medicine, Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
RAINER CRAMER • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Free and University
College London Medical School, London, UK
ZORAN CULIG • Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck,
Austria
WARICK DELPRADO • Department of Histopathology, Douglass Hanly Moir
Pathology, North Ryde, Australia
YING DONG • Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences,
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
RICHARD ENMON • Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, NY
ix