Prospects of Alternative Transportation Fuels

408 Pages·2018·9.78 MB·English

by  Akhilendra P Singh

Energy, Environment, and Sustainability
Akhilendra P. Singh
Rashmi Avinash Agarwal
Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Atul Dhar
Mritunjay Kumar Shukla Editors
Prospects of
Alternative
Transportation
Fuels
Energy, Environment, and Sustainability
Series editors
Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ashok Pandey, Distinguished Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology
Research, Lucknow, India
This books series publishes cutting edge monographs and professional books
focused on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it
relates to energy concerns. The Series is published in partnership with the
International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. The books in
these series are editor or authored by top researchers and professional across the
globe. The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and development in
areas including, but not limited to:
(cid:129) Renewable Energy
(cid:129) Alternative Fuels
(cid:129) Engines and Locomotives
(cid:129) Combustion and Propulsion
(cid:129) Fossil Fuels
(cid:129) Carbon Capture
(cid:129) Control and Automation for Energy
(cid:129) Environmental Pollution
(cid:129) Waste Management
(cid:129) Transportation Sustainability
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15901
Akhilendra P. Singh Rashmi Avinash Agarwal
(cid:129)
Avinash Kumar Agarwal Atul Dhar
(cid:129)
Mritunjay Kumar Shukla
Editors
Prospects of Alternative
Transportation Fuels
123
Editors
Akhilendra P.Singh Atul Dhar
Department ofMechanical Engineering Schoolof Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Kamand,Mandi, HimachalPradesh
India India
Rashmi Avinash Agarwal Mritunjay KumarShukla
Department ofCivil Engineering Automotive Fuels andApplication Division
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur CSIR-Indian Institute ofPetroleum
Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Dehradun, Uttarakhand
India India
Avinash KumarAgarwal
Department ofMechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh
India
ISSN 2522-8366 ISSN 2522-8374 (electronic)
Energy,Environment, andSustainability
ISBN978-981-10-7517-9 ISBN978-981-10-7518-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7518-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017959898
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018
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Preface
Energy demand has been rising remarkably due to increasing population and
urbanization.Globaleconomyandsocietyaresignificantlydependentontheenergy
availability because it touches every facet of human life and its activities.
Transportation and power generation are major examples of energy. Without the
transportation by millions of personalized and mass transport vehicles and avail-
ability of24(cid:1)7power,humancivilizationwouldnothavereached contemporary
living standards.
The first international conference on ‘Sustainable Energy and Environmental
Challenges’ (SEEC-2017) was organized under the auspices of ‘International
Society for Energy and Environmental Sustainability’ (ISEES) by the ‘Center of
Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing’ (CIAB), Mohali, from 26 to 28 February
2017.ISEESwasfoundedatIITKanpurinJanuary2014withtheaimofspreading
knowledgeinthefieldsofenergy,environment,sustainabilityandcombustion.The
society’s goal is to contribute to the development of clean, affordable and secure
energy resources and a sustainable environment for the society and to spread
knowledge in the above-mentioned areas and spread awareness about the envi-
ronmentalchallenges,whichtheworldisfacingtoday.ISEESisinvolvedinvarious
activities such as conducting workshops, seminars, conferences in the domains of
its interest. The society also recognizes the outstanding works done by the young
scientists and engineers for their contributions in these fields by conferring them
awards under various categories.
This conference provided a platform for discussions between eminent scientists
andengineersfromvariouscountriesincludingIndia,USA,SouthKorea,Norway,
Malaysia and Australia. In this conference, eminent speakers from all over the
world presented their views related to different aspects of energy, combustion,
emissionsandalternativeenergyresourcesforsustainabledevelopmentandcleaner
environment. The conference started with four mini-symposiums on very topical
themes, which included (i) New Fuels and Advanced Engine Combustion,
(ii) Sustainable Energy, (iii) Experimental and Numerical Combustion and
(iv) Environmental Remediation and Railroad Transport. The conference had 14
technicalsessionsontopicsrelatedtoenergyandenvironmentalsustainabilityanda
v
vi Preface
panel discussion on ‘Challenges, Opportunities and Directions of Technical
Education & Research in the Area of Energy, Environment and Sustainability’ to
wrap up the three-day technical extravaganza. The conference included 2 plenary
talks, 12 keynote talks, 42 invited talks from prominent scientists, 49 contributed
talks and 120 posters. A total of 234 participants and speakers attended this
three-day conference, which hosted Dr. V. K. Saraswat, Member NITI Aayog,
India, as a chief guest for the award ceremony of ISEES. This conference laid out
the road map for technology development, opportunities and challenges in this
technologydomain.ThetechnicalsessionsintheconferenceincludedAdvancesin
IC Engines andFuels; Conversion ofBiomassto Biofuels; Combustion Processes;
RenewableEnergy:ProspectsandTechnologies;WastetoWealth—Chemicalsand
Fuels; Energy Conversion Systems; Numerical Simulation of Combustion
Processes; Alternate Fuels for IC Engines; Sprays and Heterogeneous Combustion
of Coal/Biomass; Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals—Thermochemical
Processes; Utilization of Biofuels and Environmental Protection and Health. All
these topics are very relevant for the country and the world in the present context.
The society is grateful to Prof. Ashok Pandey for organizing and hosting this
conference, which led to the germination of this series of monographs, which
included 16 books related to different aspects of energy, environment and sus-
tainability. This is the first time that such a voluminous and high-quality outcome
has been achieved by any society in India from one conference.
The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the authors for
submitting their work in a timely manner and revising it appropriately at short
notice. We would like express to our special thanks to Prof. V. Ganeshan,
Prof. P.A.Laxminarayana,Prof. D.V.Patil, Dr.JoonsikHwang andMr. Tanmay
Kar,whoreviewedvariouschaptersofthismonographandprovidedtheirvaluable
suggestions to improve the manuscripts. We acknowledge the support received
from various funding agencies and organizations for the successful conduct of the
first ISEES conference SEEC-2017, where these monographs germinated. These
include Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (special
thanks to Dr. Sanjay Bajpai); TSI, India (special thanks to Dr. Deepak Sharma);
Tesscorn, India (special thanks to Sh. Satyanarayana); AVL India; Horiba, India;
Springer (special thanks to Swati Mehershi); CIAB (special thanks to
Dr. Sangwan).
At this stage of technology development, transportation and power generation
systemsaredependentonconventionalfuelssuchasmineraldiesel,gasoline,which
resulted in rapid depletion of petroleum reserves. Application of different alterna-
tivefuelssuchasbiofuels,renewablefuels,alcoholsandothersyntheticfuelsneeds
to be explored for sustainable development of automotive sector. This monograph
isintendedforpractitionersworkingintheenergysector,andwehopethatthebook
wouldbeofgreatinteresttotheprofessionalsandpostgraduatestudentsinvolvedin
Preface vii
fuels, IC engines and environmental research. The main objective of this mono-
graph is to present the status of energy sector, potential alternative fuels and the
technologiesforpromotingtheproductionandutilizationofthesealternativefuels.
Kanpur, India Akhilendra P. Singh
Kanpur, India Rashmi Avinash Agarwal
Kanpur, India Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Mandi, India Atul Dhar
Dehradun, India Mritunjay Kumar Shukla
Contents
Part I General
1 Introduction of Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Akhilendra P. Singh, Avinash Kumar Agarwal,
Rashmi Avinash Agarwal, Atul Dhar and Mritunjay Kumar Shukla
2 Evolving Energy Scenario: Role and Scope for Alternative Fuels
in Transport Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Akhilendra P. Singh, Atul Dhar and Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Part II Gaseous Alternative Fuels: Production and Utilization
3 Hydrogen Production Through Biological Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Sanjukta Subudhi
4 Hydrogen for Internal Combustion Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Anuj Pal and Avinash Kumar Agarwal
5 Advances in Hydrogen-Fuelled Compression Ignition Engine. . . . . 55
Priybrat Sharma and Atul Dhar
6 Compressed Natural Gas and Hythane for On-road Passenger
and Commercial Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Tadveer Singh Hora and Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Part III Biofuels
7 Alcohols for Fueling Internal Combustion Engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
DevPrakashSatsangi,NachiketaTiwariandAvinashKumarAgarwal
8 Different Feedstocks and Processes for Production of Methanol
and DME as Alternate Transport Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Piyali Das and Anubhuti Bhatnagar
ix
x Contents
9 Solar Assisted Biodiesel Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Amit Pal, Amrik Singh and R. S. Mishra
Part IV Advanced Techniques of Alternative Fuels
10 Fuel from Waste: A Review on Scientific Solution for Waste
Management and Environment Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Arvind Kumar Bhatt, Ravi Kant Bhatia, Sumita Thakur,
Nidhi Rana, Vaishali Sharma and Ranju Kumari Rathour
11 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Bioenergy:
A Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Krishnendu Kundu, Ayoma Chatterjee, Tamashree Bhattacharyya,
Madhuka Roy and Ajit Kaur
12 Pyrolysis Oil Upgrading to Fuels by Catalytic Cracking:
A Refinery Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Desavath Viswanatha Naik, Vimal Kumar and Basheshwar Prasad
Part V Utilization of Alternative Fuels
13 Water-in-Diesel Nanoemulsion Fuels for Diesel Engine:
Combustion Properties and Emission Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Hemant Kumar, M. K. Shukla and Vimal Kumar
14 Peroxy-fuels: Burning Behavior and Potential Applications
in Combustion Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Kirti Bhushan Mishra and Klaus-Dieter Wehrstedt
15 Utilization of Alternative Fuels in Advanced Combustion
Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Akhilendra P. Singh and Avinash Kumar Agarwal
16 Fuel Injection Equipment (FIE) Design for the New-Generation
Alternative Fuel-Powered Diesel Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Gaurav Tripathi, Sarthak Nag, Atul Dhar and Dhiraj V. Patil