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§ANT A IE3AffiIB3AffiA JPAJPJEffi§JIN ILJIN CGlJJJI§ TJI CC§ PROSODY, GRAMMAR, AND DISCOURSE IN CENTRAL ALASKAN YUP'IK MARIANNE MITHUN, EDITOR DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 1996 Papers inLinguistics Linguistics Department University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California 93106 U.S.A. Checks in U.S. dollars should be made out to UC Regents with $5.00 added for overseas postage. If your institution isinterested in an exchange agreement, please write the above address for information. Volume 1: Korean: Papers and Discourse Date $13.00 Volume 2: Discourse and Grammar $10.00 Volume 3: Asian Discourse and Grammar $10.00 Volume 4: Discourse Transcription $15.00 Volume 5: East Asian Linguistics $15.00 Volume 6: Aspects of Nepali Grammar $15.00 Volume 7: Prosody, Grammar, and Discourse in Central Alaskan Yup'ik $15.00 Proceedings from the first $20.00 Workshop on American Indigenous Languages Proceedings from the second $15.00 Workshop on American Indigenous Languages Proceedings from the third $15.00 Workshop on American Indigenous Languages Simon Corston Marianne Mithun Nilson Gabas Jr. Cory Redmond Nicholas Kibre Carl Rubino Hiroaki Kitano Tracy Sellman Steven Lasswell Jill Snyder 1. Introduction Marianne Mithun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 2. Phoneticcorrelates of stress in Yup'ik Nilson Gabas, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17 3. Yup'ik demonstratives: Universalityand uniqueness Cory Redmond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 4. Adiscourse-basedanalysis oftense in Central AlaskanYup'ik Jill Snyder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5. Thealternation ofverbal moodin Yup'ik Eskimonarrative Steven I...asswell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 6. Yup'ik evidentials: The narrative functionsof gguq and -llini- Tracy Sellman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 7. Ergativityin Yup'ik Eskimofrom a discourseperspective Hiroaki Kitano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 8. Theintroduction ofnewinformationand preferred argument structure in narrative Carl Rubino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 9. Texts a. Paluqtaq Issaluq-llu: The Beaver and the Porcupine George Charles " 155 b. Atqa: My Name Elizabeth Charles Ali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 166 c. Tulukarnk: The Raven Elizabeth Charles Ali " 170 d. Levaaq: The New Motor Elizabeth Charles Ali " 184 e. Atsartaq: The Pear Story Elizabeth Charles Ali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 193 f. Ircinrrat: The Little People Elizabeth Charles Ali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 208 Central Alaskan Yup'ik (CAY) is a language of the Eskimo-Aleut family, spoken by around 10,000people in southwestern Alaska. It is stillbeing learned by children, but fewer are acquiring it every year. The dialect under discussion here is part of what is termed General Central Alaskan Yup'ik, comprising the speech of the Yukon, the Kuskokwim, the upper Kuskokwim, Nelson Island, Bristol Bay, the Nushagak River, and Lake lliamna (Jacobson 1984:28-37). Other Central Alaskan Yup'ik dialects are those of Norton Sound (Unaliq), Hooper Bay-Chevak, and Nunivak Island. Central Yup'ik is most closely related to Siberian Yupik (Sirenikski, Central Siberian Yupik, Naukanski) and Alutiiq (also called Sugpiak, Suk, or Pacific Gulf Yupik). The Yupik languages are related as a group to Inupiaq-Inuit a dialect chain that stretches from Alaska across northern Canada to Greenland. These languages, which comprise the Eskimoan branch ofthe family, are in turn related to Aleut, spoken on the Aleutian and the Pribilof Islands. Fine descriptions of Yup'ik can be found in Jacobson 1984, 1995, and Miyaoka forthcoming. An overview is provided here to orient readers to the general structure of the language. The Yup'ik material in this volume is cited in the practical orthography developed at the Alaskan Native Language Center in Fairbanks, principally by Osahito Miyaoka, Irene Reed, Paschal Mean, and Michael Krauss between 1967and 1972. It is now widely used in Yup'ik communities and in reference works, including Reed, Miyaoka, Jacobson, Mean, & Krauss 1977,Jacobson 1984,and Jacobson 1995. The inventory of symbols can be seen in the charts in (1) and (2) from Jacobson (1984:5). LABIALIZED FRONT BACK FRONT BACK LABIAL APICAL VELAR VELAR VELAR VELAR STOPS P t c k q VOICED FRICATIVES V I sly g r ug ur 11 ss gg rr w urr VOICELESS FRICATIVES W VOICED NASALS m n n~ , , m n ng VOICELESS NASALS 4 FRONT BACK 1 U Among the consonants are series of plain stops, voiced fricatives, voiceless fricatives, voiced nasals, and voiceless nasals. Points of articulation are labial, alveolar (or palatal), velar, labio-velar, uvular (back velar) and labio-uvular. Double symbols represent voiceless fricatives. An acute accent indicates voicelessness on nasals. Phonetic values of the symbols are in (3). (3) Consonant equivalents p = [p] v = [v],[w] vv = [f] m = [m] t = [t] I = [1] 11 = [I] n = [n] c - [c] s = [z] ss = [s] ng = [IJ] k = [k] = [y] Y , q = [q] g = [-y] gg = [x] m = [lJI] , r = [B'] rr = [~] n = [IJ] ug = [-yW] w = [XW] ng, = [lJ] ur = [B'W] urr = [~W] Fricatives are automatically devoiced adjacent to another voiceless obstruent: a stop or voiceless fricative. Next to a stop, they are written with a single letter: kl = [kI], gt = [xt]. In clusters of voiceless fricatives, onlythe first is represented with a double letter: llr = [q]. Obstruents are automatically geminated before sequences of two vowels: levaaq = [lav·a·q] 'motor'. An apostrophe is used in the orthography to indicate other gemination, as inyup'ik = [yup·ik], as well as certain other features. The letter v represents the voiced fricative [v] adjacent to consonants or schwa (written e), but a glide [w]between prime vowels. Three of the four vowels are considered prime: i, u, a. Since there are only three, they cover a relatively broad phonetic range. The high vowels are lowered adjacent to uvulars or the low vowel a. Thus i ranges between [i] and [e], and u between [u] and [0]. Sequences of vowels are written with double letters: ui, ia, ii, uu, aa. (Automatic vowel lengthening due to regular prosodic processes is not represented in the orthography.) The fourth vowel e is central, varying between [i] and [a]. Word-initially it isbarely pronounced, often nearly disappearing; between voiceless consonants it is devoiced. The texts have been transcribed in intonation units or prosodic phrases. Each line represents a single intonation contour. As can be seen, Yup'ik intonation units tend to contain fewer words than their English counterparts, undoubtedly due to the elaborate morphology of the language. Yup'ik words, particularly verbs, often contain more information than English words, often constituting a full clause in themselves. Punctuation at the ends of lines signals a particular intonation contour: comma (,) for a partial fall in pitch, period (.) for full fall in pitch, and dash (--) for an interrupted contour. Two dots (..) are used for a brief pause, and three (...) for a longer pause. Yup'ik is a polysynthetic, suffixinglanguage. Words fall into two main categories: uninflectable words, like cali 'also', and inflectable words, which include all nouns and verbs. Inflectable words consist of an initial root (termed by Eskimologists a 'base'), any number of derivational suffixes ('postbases') and usually an inflectional suffix complex ('ending'). ROOT (DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES) INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES BASE (POSTBASES) ENDING Noun and verb roots are distinct, though large numbers of noun roots have verb root counterparts (apiataq 'lunch', apiatar-'to lunch') and viceversa (iqvar-'to pick berries', iqvaq 'picked berry'). Full nouns and verbs are clearly differentiated by their endings. Yup'ik contains large numbers ofboth derivational and inflectional suffIxes. Jacobson 1984listswell over 450 derivational suffixes and 550 inflectional suffixes. Yup'ik forms are given here in a four-line format so that the internal structure of words can be seen. The first line represents the word as it was pronounced, the second shows a division or parsing into meaningful parts, the third a literal gloss or translation of each part, and the fourth a free translation. (5) tulukaruk tulukaruk raven 'raven' tulukarucilleq tulukaruk-cilleq raven-worthless 'worthless raven' Inflectional suffixes (endings) on nouns indicate number, possession and case. Three numbers are distinguished: singular, dual, and plural. Number suffixes can be seen with the noun atsaq 'fruit', used for 'pear' in the Pear Story.