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Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the resource management plans for Western Oregon : Coos Bay, Eugene, Medford, Roseburg, and Salem districts, and the Klamath Falls Field Office of the Lakeview District PDF

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Preview Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the resource management plans for Western Oregon : Coos Bay, Eugene, Medford, Roseburg, and Salem districts, and the Klamath Falls Field Office of the Lakeview District

The BLM manages more than 245 million acres of public land, the most of any Federal agency. This land, known as the National System of Public Lands, is primarily located in 1 2 western states, including Alaska. The BLM also administers 700 million acres of sub-surface mineral estate throughout the nation. The BLM's m1ss1on is to manage and conserve the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations under our mandate of multiple-use and sustained yield. In fiscal year 2013, the BLM generated $4. 7 billion in receipts from public lands. l:,lm.gov/or Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................. IV TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................ VI TABLE OF MAPS .................................................................................................................................................. XIII TABLE OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................ XIV SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................ XXIII CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2 – ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER 3 – AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ............................................. 115 AREAS OF CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN .............................................................................................. 131 AIR QUALITY ...................................................................................................................................................... 145 CLIMATE CHANGE .............................................................................................................................................. 165 CULTURAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 213 FIRE AND FUELS ................................................................................................................................................. 223 FISHERIES ........................................................................................................................................................... 277 FOREST MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 307 HYDROLOGY ...................................................................................................................................................... 369 INVASIVE SPECIES .............................................................................................................................................. 419 LANDS AND REALTY ........................................................................................................................................... 457 LANDS WITH WILDERNESS CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................................... 463 LIVESTOCK GRAZING .......................................................................................................................................... 475 MINERALS .......................................................................................................................................................... 487 NATIONAL TRAILS SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 505 RARE PLANTS AND FUNGI .................................................................................................................................. 517 RECREATION AND VISITOR SERVICES ................................................................................................................. 555 SOCIOECONOMICS ............................................................................................................................................. 585 SOIL RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................................ 745 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ....................................................................................................................................... 769 TRAILS AND TRAVEL MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................. 775 TRIBAL INTERESTS .............................................................................................................................................. 799 VISUAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................. 813 WILDLIFE ............................................................................................................................................................ 825 BALD EAGLE .............................................................................................................................................................. 825 BUREAU SENSITIVE, BUREAU STRATEGIC, SURVEY AND MANAGE SPECIES, AND LANDBIRD FOCAL SPECIES ................................... 830 iv | Pa ge COLUMBIAN WHITE-TAILED DEER.................................................................................................................................. 853 DEER AND ELK ........................................................................................................................................................... 862 FISHER ..................................................................................................................................................................... 870 GOLDEN EAGLE .......................................................................................................................................................... 881 GREATER SAGE-GROUSE .............................................................................................................................................. 887 GRAY WOLF .............................................................................................................................................................. 890 MARBLED MURRELET ................................................................................................................................................. 895 NORTH OREGON COAST DISTINCT POPULATION SEGMENT OF THE RED TREE VOLE ................................................................. 919 NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL ........................................................................................................................................... 928 NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL CRITICAL HABITAT .................................................................................................................. 990 OREGON SILVERSPOT BUTTERFLY .................................................................................................................................. 999 OREGON SPOTTED FROG ........................................................................................................................................... 1002 PACIFIC COAST DISTINCT POPULATION SEGMENT OF THE WESTERN SNOWY PLOVER ............................................................. 1006 WILD HORSES .................................................................................................................................................. 1019 WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS ................................................................................................................................ 1023 CHAPTER 4 – CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION ........................................................................................ 1041 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... 1059 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................................................ 1063 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................................. 1085 v | Pa ge Table of Figures FIGURE 2-1. NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE LAND USE ALLOCATIONS ................................................................................................ 31 FIGURE 2-2. NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE LAND USE ALLOCATIONS WITH MODIFIED HIERARCHY ........................................................... 35 FIGURE 2-3. EXAMPLE OF HOW DECISION AREA ACRES ARE ASSIGNED BY LAND USE ALLOCATION/ADMINISTRATIVE DESIGNATION TYPE .... 38 FIGURE 2-4. ALTERNATIVE A LAND USE ALLOCATIONS .............................................................................................................. 46 FIGURE 2-5. ALTERNATIVE B LAND USE ALLOCATIONS .............................................................................................................. 53 FIGURE 2-6. SUB-ALTERNATIVE B LAND USE ALLOCATIONS ....................................................................................................... 60 FIGURE 2-7. ALTERNATIVE C LAND USE ALLOCATIONS .............................................................................................................. 65 FIGURE 2-8. SUB-ALTERNATIVE C LAND USE ALLOCATIONS ....................................................................................................... 71 FIGURE 2-9. ALTERNATIVE D LAND USE ALLOCATIONS ............................................................................................................. 75 FIGURE 2-10. PROPOSED RMP LAND USE ALLOCATIONS .......................................................................................................... 81 FIGURE 2-11. PROPOSED RMP SUBWATERSHED CLASSES ........................................................................................................ 92 FIGURE 3-1. MAJOR OWNERSHIPS WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA .............................................................................................. 116 FIGURE 3-2. PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA AS DESCRIBED IN THE FEMAT REPORT (1993)....................... 117 FIGURE 3-3. ESTIMATED EMISSIONS FROM PRESCRIBED BURNING IN WESTERN OREGON FOR (A) PARTICULATE MATTER 10 MICRONS IN SIZE AND SMALLER, AND (B) PARTICULATE MATTER 2.5 MICRONS IN SIZE AND SMALLER .............................................................. 152 FIGURE 3-4. NUMBER OF SMOKE INTRUSIONS ATTRIBUTED TO BLM PRESCRIBED FIRES INTO SSRAS COMPARED TO ANNUAL ACRES BURNED FROM 2002 THROUGH 2014 IN WESTERN OREGON ..................................................................................................... 153 FIGURE 3-5. EXAMPLE OF IDENTIFICATION OF THE 20 PERCENT WORSE DAYS IN A GIVEN YEAR AND THE PROPORTIONAL CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS FACTORS TO REDUCED VISIBILITY ................................................................................................................... 155 FIGURE 3-6. DAILY AIR QUALITY INDEX FOR MEDFORD IN 2008 .............................................................................................. 156 FIGURE 3-7. AIR QUALITY INDEX FOR 2013 FOR MEDFORD .................................................................................................... 157 FIGURE 3-8. AIR QUALITY INDEX FOR 2013 FOR GRANTS PASS ............................................................................................... 157 FIGURE 3-9. DEGRADATION OF VISIBILITY FROM BURNING VEGETATION IN 2013 AS MEASURED THROUGH LIGHT SCATTERING (INVERSE MEGAMETERS) AT CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK ......................................................................................................... 158 FIGURE 3-10. EXPECTED INCREASES IN PM10 EMISSIONS FROM PRESCRIBED FIRE OVER TIME AND RELATIVE TO THE ESTIMATE FOR CURRENT PRESCRIBED FIRES ................................................................................................................................................... 159 FIGURE 3-11. EXPECTED INCREASES IN PM2.5 EMISSIONS FROM PRESCRIBED FIRE OVER TIME AND RELATIVE TO THE ESTIMATE FOR CURRENT PRESCRIBED FIRES ................................................................................................................................................... 159 FIGURE 3-12. AVERAGE ANNUAL PM2.5 EMISSIONS FROM PRESCRIBED BURNING OVER THE 50-YEAR ANALYSIS PERIOD ...................... 161 FIGURE 3-13. ESTIMATED CARBON STORAGE OVER TIME BY ALTERNATIVE AND THE PROPOSED RMP ............................................. 170 FIGURE 3-14. CHANGE IN CARBON STORAGE RELATIVE TO THE ESTIMATED TOTAL STORAGE AS OF 2013 ......................................... 171 FIGURE 3-15. PERCENT REDUCTION IN ABOVEGROUND CARBON STORAGE FROM TIMBER HARVEST RELATIVE TO PROJECTED CARBON STORAGE IN THE NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS WITH WILDFIRE ..................................................................... 172 FIGURE 3-16. PROPORTION OF ESTIMATED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM LIVESTOCK GRAZING (ENTERIC FERMENTATION), TIMBER HARVEST OPERATIONS, PRESCRIBED FIRES, AND WILDFIRES ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA ........... 176 FIGURE 3-17. PROPORTION OF ESTIMATED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM (A) TIMBER HARVEST AND (B) PRESCRIBED BURNING BY DIFFERENT ENTITIES ................................................................................................................................................ 177 FIGURE 3-18. ESTIMATED AVERAGE ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBINATION OF TIMBER HARVEST, GRAZING, AND PRESCRIBED FIRE .................................................................................................................................................... 179 FIGURE 3-19. PROJECTED INCREASES IN AVERAGE ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM TIMBER HARVEST, GRAZING, AND PRESCRIBED BURNING RELATIVE TO AVERAGE ANNUAL EMISSIONS AS OF 2013 ................................................................... 179 FIGURE 3-20. OBSERVED CHANGES IN ANNUAL AND SEASONAL PRECIPITATION BY BASIN .............................................................. 182 FIGURE 3-21. OBSERVED CHANGES IN (A) ANNUAL, (B) MAXIMUM, AND (C) MINIMUM TEMPERATURE IN EACH BASIN ....................... 184 FIGURE 3-22. AVERAGE ANNUAL NUMBER AND CAUSE OF IGNITIONS (1984–2013) WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA ............................ 227 FIGURE 3-23. FOREST TYPE (MOIST AND DRY) DISTRIBUTION ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS ....................................................... 232 FIGURE 3-24. DEPARTURE FROM REFERENCE CONDITIONS IN THE DOUGLAS-FIR/DRY VEGETATION TYPE BY SERAL STAGE .................... 235 FIGURE 3-25. DEPARTURE FROM REFERENCE CONDITIONS IN THE DOUGLAS-FIR/MOIST VEGETATION TYPE BY SERAL STAGE FOR THE KLAMATH FALLS FIELD OFFICE .................................................................................................................................. 237 vi | Pa ge FIGURE 3-26. DEPARTURE FROM REFERENCE CONDITIONS IN THE DOUGLAS-FIR/MOIST VEGETATION TYPE BY SERAL STAGE FOR THE MEDFORD DISTRICT ............................................................................................................................................... 239 FIGURE 3-27. DEPARTURE FROM REFERENCE CONDITIONS IN THE DOUGLAS-FIR/MOIST VEGETATION TYPE BY SERAL STAGE FOR THE ROSEBURG DISTRICT ............................................................................................................................................... 241 FIGURE 3-28. STAND-LEVEL FIRE RESISTANCE CATEGORIES IN THE DRY FOREST IN THE INTERIOR/SOUTH FOR THE CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 50 YEARS .......................................................................................................................................................... 244 FIGURE 3-29. STAND-LEVEL FIRE RESISTANCE CATEGORIES IN THE DRY FOREST IN THE MEDFORD DISTRICT FOR THE CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 50 YEARS ................................................................................................................................................... 246 FIGURE 3-30. STAND-LEVEL FIRE RESISTANCE CATEGORIES IN THE DRY FOREST IN THE ROSEBURG DISTRICT FOR THE CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 50 YEARS ................................................................................................................................................... 246 FIGURE 3-31. STAND-LEVEL FIRE RESISTANCE CATEGORIES IN THE DRY FOREST IN THE KLAMATH FALLS FIELD OFFICE FOR THE CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 50 YEARS ................................................................................................................................... 246 FIGURE 3-32. STAND-LEVEL FIRE RESISTANCE CATEGORIES IN THE LATE-SUCCESSIONAL RESERVE IN THE DRY FOREST IN THE INTERIOR/SOUTH FOR THE CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 50 YEARS ................................................................................... 248 FIGURE 3-33. STAND-LEVEL FIRE RESISTANCE CATEGORIES IN THE HARVEST LAND BASE IN THE DRY FOREST IN THE INTERIOR/SOUTH FOR THE CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 50 YEARS ................................................................................................................. 250 FIGURE 3-34. AVERAGE ANNUAL NUMBER OF HUMAN-CAUSED IGNITIONS IN PROXIMITY TO WILDLAND DEVELOPMENT AREAS, 1984– 2013 .................................................................................................................................................................. 254 FIGURE 3-35. STAND-LEVEL FIRE HAZARD FOR ALL BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS IN THE COASTAL/NORTH WITHIN THE WUI BY CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 2063 ........................................................................................................................................ 259 FIGURE 3-36. STAND-LEVEL FIRE HAZARD FOR ALL BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS IN THE INTERIOR/SOUTH WITHIN THE WUI, BY CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 2063 ........................................................................................................................................ 259 FIGURE 3-37. STAND-LEVEL FIRE HAZARD FOR THE HARVEST LAND BASE IN THE COASTAL/NORTH WITHIN THE WUI BY CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 2063 ........................................................................................................................................ 261 FIGURE 3-38. STAND-LEVEL FIRE HAZARD FOR THE HARVEST LAND BASE IN THE INTERIOR/SOUTH WITHIN THE WUI BY CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 2063 ........................................................................................................................................ 263 FIGURE 3-39. WILDLAND FIRE POTENTIAL FOR BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS IN THE PLANNING AREA .............................................. 265 FIGURE 3-40. ACTIVITY FUEL RISK CATEGORIES FOR BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS IN THE COASTAL/NORTH, DECADAL AVERAGE 2013–2063 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 268 FIGURE 3-41. ACTIVITY FUEL RISK CATEGORIES FOR BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS IN THE INTERIOR/SOUTH, DECADAL AVERAGE 2013–2063 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 268 FIGURE 3-42. STAND CONDITIONS WITHIN ONE SITE-POTENTIAL TREE HEIGHT FOR THE CURRENT CONDITION, THE NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE IN 2113, AND THE NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS IN 2113 ........................................................................... 286 FIGURE 3-43. RELATIVE PROPORTION OF STRUCTURAL STAGE ACRES UNDER THE CURRENT CONDITION, THE ALTERNATIVES, THE PROPOSED RMP, AND THE NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS IN 2113 FOR STANDS WITHIN ONE SITE-POTENTIAL TREE HEIGHT FROM ALL STREAMS ......................................................................................................................................................... 288 FIGURE 3-44. TREES PER ACRE GREATER THAN 20” DBH WITHIN ONE SITE-POTENTIAL TREE HEIGHT OVER TIME FOR ALL ALTERNATIVES, THE PROPOSED RMP, AND THE NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 290 FIGURE 3-45. TREES PER ACRE GREATER THAN 20” DBH FOR STANDS WITHIN ONE SITE-POTENTIAL TREE HEIGHT OF STREAMS FOR THE CURRENT CONDITION IN 2013, AND THE ALTERNATIVES, THE PROPOSED RMP, AND THE NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS IN 2113 ............................................................................................................................................................... 290 FIGURE 3-46. PERCENT HARDWOOD CANOPY COVER FOR STANDS WITHIN ONE SITE-POTENTIAL TREE HEIGHT OF STREAMS FOR THE CURRENT CONDITIONS IN 2013 AND IN 2113 ............................................................................................................. 291 FIGURE 3-47. QUADRATIC MEAN DIAMETER (QMD) OF CONIFERS FOR STANDS WITHIN ONE SITE-POTENTIAL TREE HEIGHT OF STREAMS FOR THE CURRENT CONDITION IN 2013, AND IN 2113 ........................................................................................................ 292 FIGURE 3-48. TOTAL TREES PER ACRE FOR STANDS WITHIN ONE SITE-POTENTIAL TREE HEIGHT OF STREAMS FOR THE CURRENT CONDITION IN 2013, AND IN 2113 .............................................................................................................................................. 293 FIGURE 3-49. THINNING WITHIN THE RIPARIAN RESERVE BY DECADE ........................................................................................ 296 FIGURE 3-50. BLM HISTORICAL TIMBER SALES; 1942–1961 DATA REPRESENTS VOLUME SOLD WHILE 1962–2012 DATA REPRESENTS VOLUME HARVESTED ............................................................................................................................................... 309 FIGURE 3-51. WESTERN OREGON TIMBER HARVESTS BY LANDOWNER, 1962–2011 (TUCHMAN AND DAVIS 2013) ........................ 309 FIGURE 3-52. 2013 AGE CLASS DISTRIBUTION FOR FORESTED ACRES WITHIN THE DECISION AREA (10-YEAR INCREMENTS) .................. 310 vii | Pa ge FIGURE 3-53. 2013 AGE CLASS DISTRIBUTION BY AGE CLASS GROUPING AND BY THE HARVEST LAND BASE AND THE RESERVES (10-YEAR INCREMENTS) ........................................................................................................................................................ 313 FIGURE 3-54. 2113 AGE CLASS DISTRIBUTION BY AGE CLASS GROUPING, AND BROKEN OUT BY THE HARVEST LAND BASE AND THE RESERVES (10-YEAR INCREMENTS) .......................................................................................................................................... 316 FIGURE 3-55. CURRENT STRUCTURAL STAGE DISTRIBUTION FOR THE DECISION AREA .................................................................... 319 FIGURE 3-56. STRUCTURAL STAGE PROGRESSION OVER 200 YEARS IN THE HARVEST LAND BASE AND RESERVES ............................... 324 FIGURE 3-57. PROPORTION OF THE HARVEST LAND BASE AS MATURE MULTI-LAYERED CANOPY OR STRUCTURALLY-COMPLEX THROUGH TIME .................................................................................................................................................................... 326 FIGURE 3-58. PROPORTION OF THE HARVEST LAND BASE SUB-ALLOCATIONS WITH STRUCTURAL LEGACIES OR MULTIPLE LAYERS THROUGH TIME .................................................................................................................................................................... 327 FIGURE 3-59. STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY AND ABUNDANCE OF THE EARLY SUCCESSIONAL STRUCTURAL STAGE IN 2063 ...................... 328 FIGURE 3-60. ACREAGE OF FUNCTIONAL CREATED CANOPY OPENINGS > 0.25 ACRES IN 2043 BY ALTERNATIVE AND LAND USE ALLOCATION .......................................................................................................................................................................... 330 FIGURE 3-61. PROPORTIONS OF OWL HABITAT MANAGEMENT LAND USE ALLOCATIONS IN MATURE MULTI-LAYERED CANOPY OR STRUCTURALLY-COMPLEX STRUCTURAL STAGES IN 2013 AND 2223 ................................................................................ 331 FIGURE 3-62. PROPORTIONS OF LAND USE ALLOCATIONS IN MATURE MULTI-LAYERED CANOPY OR STRUCTURALLY-COMPLEX STRUCTURAL STAGES THROUGH TIME ........................................................................................................................................... 332 FIGURE 3-63. 2013 AND 2113 NET INVENTORY BROKEN OUT BETWEEN THE HARVEST LAND BASE AND RESERVES IN THE DECISION AREA .......................................................................................................................................................................... 335 FIGURE 3-64. ASSUMED VS. IMPLEMENTED ANNUAL AVERAGE SOLD TIMBER VOLUME LEVELS AND MIX OF HARVEST TYPES, 1995 THROUGH 2012, IN THE HARVEST LAND BASE (HLB) AND RESERVES IN THE DECISION AREA ............................................................... 340 FIGURE 3-65. TIMBER PRODUCTION RATES BY MANAGEMENT INTENSITY (BOARD FEET PER ACRE PER YEAR), BROKEN OUT BETWEEN COASTAL/NORTH AND INTERIOR/SOUTH AREAS ............................................................................................................ 343 FIGURE 3-66. TOTAL ASQ VS. NON-ASQ TIMBER VOLUME SOLD IN THE DECISION AREA BETWEEN 1995 AND 2012 ........................ 351 FIGURE 3-67. TOTAL ANNUAL TIMBER HARVEST IN THE DECISION AREA FOR THE FIRST DECADE COMPARED TO THE 1995–2012 SOLD TIMBER SALE AVERAGE, BROKEN OUT BETWEEN ASQ AND NON-ASQ SOURCES .................................................................. 352 FIGURE 3-68. HARVEST ACRES PER DECADE BY HARVEST TYPE BASED ON AN AVERAGE OF THE FIRST TWO DECADES ............................ 359 FIGURE 3-69. HARVESTED TIMBER VOLUME PER DECADE BY HARVEST TYPE BASED ON AN AVERAGE OF THE FIRST TWO DECADES .......... 360 FIGURE 3-70. TOTAL TIMBER HARVEST ACREAGE PER YEAR BASED ON AN AVERAGE OF THE FIRST TWO DECADES, BROKEN OUT BETWEEN COASTAL/NORTH AND INTERIOR/SOUTH AREAS ............................................................................................................ 361 FIGURE 3-71. TOTAL TIMBER HARVEST VOLUME PER YEAR BASED ON AN AVERAGE OF THE FIRST TWO DECADES, BROKEN OUT BETWEEN COASTAL/NORTH AND INTERIOR/SOUTH AREAS ............................................................................................................ 361 FIGURE 3-72. PERCENTAGE OF FORESTED ACRES AVAILABLE FOR THE COLLECTION OF CATEGORY I SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS; COASTAL/NORTH AREA ............................................................................................................................................ 365 FIGURE 3-73. PERCENTAGE OF FORESTED ACRES AVAILABLE FOR THE COLLECTION OF CATEGORY I SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS; INTERIOR/SOUTH AREA ............................................................................................................................................ 365 FIGURE 3-74. PERCENTAGE OF FORESTED ACRES AVAILABLE FOR THE COLLECTION OF CATEGORY II SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS; COASTAL/NORTH AREA ............................................................................................................................................ 367 FIGURE 3-75. PERCENTAGE OF FORESTED ACRES AVAILABLE FOR THE COLLECTION OF CATEGORY II SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS; INTERIOR/SOUTH AREA ............................................................................................................................................ 367 FIGURE 3-76. CANOPY COVER AND ANGULAR CANOPY DENSITY IN FOREST STANDS ...................................................................... 372 FIGURE 3-77. STRUCTURAL STAGE PROPORTIONS OF THE RIPARIAN RESERVE WITHIN 100 FEET OF PERENNIAL AND FISH-BEARING STREAMS IN THE DECISION AREA ............................................................................................................................................. 376 FIGURE 3-78. STRUCTURAL STAGE PROPORTIONS OF THE CURRENT RIPARIAN RESERVE (I.E., NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE) ALONG PERENNIAL AND FISH-BEARING STREAMS IN THE DECISION AREA ...................................................................................................... 377 FIGURE 3-79. SEVEN-DAY AVERAGE MAXIMUM STREAM TEMPERATURES (°F) VINCENT CREEK GAGING STATION, COOS BAY DISTRICT, FOR YEARS 1990–2013 ............................................................................................................................................... 378 FIGURE 3-80. SEVEN-DAY AVERAGE MAXIMUM STREAM TEMPERATURES (°F) AT DEADMAN CREEK, EAST FORK STOUTS CREEK AND SOUTH FORK MIDDLE CREEK, ROSEBURG DISTRICT, FOR YEARS 1992–2012 .............................................................................. 378 FIGURE 3-81. TOTAL ACRES OF THE CURRENT RIPARIAN RESERVE COMPARED TO ACRES OF THE RIPARIAN RESERVE ALONG PERENNIAL AND FISH-BEARING STREAMS ........................................................................................................................................... 379 FIGURE 3-82. PERENNIAL AND FISH-BEARING STREAM MILES EXCEEDING 3 PERCENT SHADE LOSS ................................................... 382 viii | Pa ge FIGURE 3-83. PERENNIAL AND FISH-BEARING STREAM MILES IN THE DECISION AREA COMPARED TO PERENNIAL AND FISH-BEARING STREAM MILES EXCEEDING 3 PERCENT SHADE LOSS ................................................................................................................... 383 FIGURE 3-84. HYDROREGIONS WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA ................................................................................................... 386 FIGURE 3-85. SITE CONDITIONS AND TREATMENTS FOR RISK OF PEAK FLOW INCREASE.................................................................. 389 FIGURE 3-86. PROPORTIONS OF HYDROREGIONS IN THE PLANNING AREA .................................................................................. 389 FIGURE 3-87. SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY RETURN PERIOD AND STREAM TYPE .............................................................................. 390 FIGURE 3-88. RAIN-ON-SNOW DOMINATED SUBWATERSHEDS AND SUBWATERSHEDS CURRENTLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO A PEAK FLOW INCREASE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 391 FIGURE 3-89. SUBWATERSHED AREA (ACRES) ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS SUSCEPTIBLE TO PEAK FLOW INCREASES BY DECADE ....... 393 FIGURE 3-90. SUBWATERSHED AREA (ACRES) FOR ALL LANDS SUSCEPTIBLE TO PEAK FLOW INCREASES ............................................. 393 FIGURE 3-91. PROPORTION OF THE HARVEST LAND BASE WITH STEEP SLOPES > 75 PERCENT ........................................................ 397 FIGURE 3-92. CUMULATIVE AREA OF NATURALLY OCCURRING MODELED LANDSLIDE DENSITY WITHIN THE HARVEST LAND BASE, NUMBER/SQUARE MILE ........................................................................................................................................... 398 FIGURE 3-93. RELATIVE LANDSLIDE DENSITY IN THE HARVEST LAND BASE COMPARED TO INTRINSIC POTENTIAL AT 2013 .................... 399 FIGURE 3-94. REGENERATION HARVEST AREA WITH DEBRIS FLOW SUSCEPTIBILITY, ACRES PER DECADE ............................................ 400 FIGURE 3-95. POTENTIAL FINE SEDIMENT DELIVERY,* TO STREAMS FROM NEW ROADS BY 2023. ................................................... 406 FIGURE 3-96. PROJECTED NEWLY CONSTRUCTED ROADS WITHIN A SEDIMENT DELIVERY DISTANCE COMPARED TO NEWLY CONSTRUCTED ROADS OUTSIDE A SEDIMENT DELIVERY DISTANCE BY 2023* ........................................................................................... 407 FIGURE 3-97. REPORTED INFESTATIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA ........................... 422 FIGURE 3-98. DISTRIBUTION CATEGORIES OF INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FOR THE WATERSHEDS WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA ................. 427 FIGURE 3-99. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES INTO RIPARIAN HABITATS ASSOCIATED WITH TIMBER HARVEST ADJACENT TO THE RIPARIAN RESERVE OVER THE NEXT 10 YEARS .............................................................. 430 FIGURE 3-100. REPORTED INFESTATIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA ..................... 440 FIGURE 3-101. DISTRIBUTION CATEGORIES OF INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES BY SUBBASINS WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA ....................... 446 FIGURE 3-102. SUDDEN OAK DEATH INFESTATION ZONES AS OF 2013 AND EXPECTED EXPANSION ZONES BY 2023 AND 2033 ............ 453 FIGURE 3-103. UTILITY CORRIDORS ................................................................................................................................... 461 FIGURE 3-104. ACRES OF INVENTORIED LANDS WITH WILDERNESS CHARACTERISTICS ALLOCATED TO THE DISTRICT-DESIGNATED RESERVE – LANDS MANAGED FOR THEIR WILDERNESS CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................................... 469 FIGURE 3-105. ALLOTMENTS AVAILABLE FOR LIVESTOCK GRAZING ........................................................................................... 480 FIGURE 3-106. ACRES AVAILABLE FOR LIVESTOCK GRAZING .................................................................................................... 480 FIGURE 3-107. ALLOCATED LIVESTOCK GRAZING AUMS ........................................................................................................ 480 FIGURE 3-108. LIVESTOCK GRAZING ALLOTMENTS ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS BY LIVESTOCK GRAZING AVAILABILITY UNDER THE PROPOSED RMP ................................................................................................................................................... 482 FIGURE 3-109. PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS IN OREGON ........................................................................................................... 488 FIGURE 3-110. NUMBER OF SALES OR PERMITS FOR MINERAL MATERIAL BY YEAR IN THE DECISION AREA ......................................... 491 FIGURE 3-111. SALES VOLUME OF MINERAL MATERIAL PRODUCED BY YEARS 2007–2013 IN THE DECISION AREA ............................. 491 FIGURE 3-112. DEVELOPED QUARRY SITES IN THE DECISION AREA FROM 2014 DISTRICT INVENTORIES ............................................ 492 FIGURE 3-113. ACRES CLOSED TO SALABLE MINERAL MATERIAL DISPOSAL IN THE DECISION AREA ................................................... 494 FIGURE 3-114. MINING CLAIMS IN THE DECISION AREA IN 2015 ............................................................................................. 498 FIGURE 3-115. ACRES THAT THE BLM WOULD RECOMMEND FOR WITHDRAWAL FROM LOCATABLE MINERAL ENTRY AND PREVIOUSLY WITHDRAWN ACRES IN THE DECISION AREA .................................................................................................................. 500 FIGURE 3-116. ACRES THAT THE BLM WOULD RECOMMEND FOR WITHDRAWAL, WITH MINERAL RANKING OF ESTIMATED PROSPECTIVE MINERAL OCCURRENCE OR DEVELOPMENT FOR EACH LAND CATEGORY (INCLUDES PREVIOUSLY WITHDRAWN ACRES) .................. 501 FIGURE 3-117. PACIFIC CREST NATIONAL SCENIC TRAIL ROUTE ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA ............. 509 FIGURE 3-118. BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS VISIBLE WITHIN THE 5-MILE PACIFIC CREST TRAIL VIEWSHED OF TRAIL PORTIONS WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA ..................................................................................................................................................... 510 FIGURE 3-119. APPLEGATE TRAIL ROUTE ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS IN THE PLANNING AREA ................................................. 511 FIGURE 3-120. RECREATION OPPORTUNITY SPECTRUM CLASSES .............................................................................................. 556 FIGURE 3-121. STAND VISUALIZATIONS FOR RECREATIONAL SETTING CLASSIFICATIONS ................................................................. 558 FIGURE 3-122. PROJECTED LEVELS OF CHANGE BY RECREATION ACTIVITY WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA FROM 2012–2060 ................ 572 FIGURE 3-123. POPULATION CENTERS WITHIN THE PLANNING AREA ......................................................................................... 573 FIGURE 3-124. THIRTY- AND SIXTY-MINUTE DRIVING TIMES FROM THE 12 WESTERN OREGON STUDY COMMUNITIES AND POPULATION CENTER SIZE .......................................................................................................................................................... 575 ix | Pa ge FIGURE 3-125. WESTERN OREGON POPULATION DENSITY ..................................................................................................... 576 FIGURE 3-126. WESTERN OREGON HISTORICAL TIMBER HARVEST, BLM AND TOTAL ................................................................... 602 FIGURE 3-127. WESTERN OREGON HISTORICAL STUMPAGE PRICES, BLM AND STATE/PRIVATE ..................................................... 602 FIGURE 3-128. TOTAL HARVEST VALUE BY BLM DISTRICT, 2000–2014................................................................................... 605 FIGURE 3-129. AVERAGE VALUE PER MBF HARVESTED BY BLM DISTRICT, 2000–2014 .............................................................. 605 FIGURE 3-130. TIMBER GROSS REVENUE OVER TIME ............................................................................................................. 631 FIGURE 3-131. GROSS REVENUE, TOTAL COSTS, AND NET REVENUE, 2014–2023 ...................................................................... 631 FIGURE 3-132. NET PRESENT VALUE OVER 50 YEARS (2014–2063) BY DISTRICT ....................................................................... 634 FIGURE 3-133. COST PER VOLUME BY DISTRICT, 2014–2023 (2012 DOLLARS) ........................................................................ 636 FIGURE 3-134. STUMPAGE PRICE BY DISTRICT, 2014–2023 (2012 DOLLARS) .......................................................................... 638 FIGURE 3-135. RMA ACREAGE BY DRIVING DISTANCE OF WESTERN POPULATION CENTERS, 30 AND 60 MINUTES ............................. 645 FIGURE 3-136. OUTDOOR RECREATION VISITS OVER PHASING TIMEFRAMES ............................................................................... 647 FIGURE 3-137. OUTDOOR RECREATION VISITS AT END OF PHASING TIMEFRAMES ........................................................................ 648 FIGURE 3-138. CAPACITY AND RESILIENCY AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT SUMMARY ......................................................................... 718 FIGURE 3-139. DETRIMENTAL SOIL DISTURBANCE FROM TIMBER HARVEST BY YARDING SYSTEM, 1990–2012 ................................. 749 FIGURE 3-140. DETRIMENTAL SOIL DISTURBANCE FROM TIMBER HARVEST BY YARDING SYSTEM DURING THE FIRST DECADE ................. 750 FIGURE 3-141. DETRIMENTAL SOIL DISTURBANCE FROM ROAD CONSTRUCTION DURING THE FIRST DECADE ...................................... 754 FIGURE 3-142. DETRIMENTAL SOIL DISTURBANCE FROM FUEL TREATMENTS DURING THE FIRST DECADE .......................................... 761 FIGURE 3-143. VISUAL RESOURCE INVENTORY CLASS DISTRIBUTION FOR THE PROPOSED RMP† WITHIN THE DECISION AREA............... 817 FIGURE 3-144. BALD EAGLE HABITAT IN THE DECISION AREA–CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 50 YEARS ............................................. 827 FIGURE 3-145. BALD EAGLE HABITAT IN THE PLANNING AREA–CURRENT CONDITION AND IN 50 YEARS ........................................... 827 FIGURE 3-146. STRUCTURAL STAGE DEVELOPMENT IN THE DECISION AREA COMPARED WITH AVERAGE HISTORIC CONDITION............... 838 FIGURE 3-147. STRUCTURAL STAGE DEVELOPMENT IN THE PLANNING AREA COMPARED WITH AVERAGE HISTORIC CONDITION ............. 839 FIGURE 3-148. EARLY SUCCESSIONAL, STAND ESTABLISHMENT, AND YOUNG STANDS WITH STRUCTURAL LEGACIES IN THE DECISION AREA .......................................................................................................................................................................... 844 FIGURE 3-149. MATURE AND STRUCTURALLY-COMPLEX STANDS WITH STRUCTURAL LEGACIES WITHIN THE DECISION AREA ................ 844 FIGURE 3-150. MATURE AND STRUCTURALLY-COMPLEX HABITAT DEVELOPMENT IN THE DECISION AREA ......................................... 849 FIGURE 3-151. RANGE OF THE COLUMBIAN WHITE-TAILED DEER ............................................................................................. 855 FIGURE 3-152. COLUMBIAN WHITE-TAILED DEER HIGH-QUALITY EARLY SUCCESSIONAL FORAGE HABITAT FOR THE LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER POPULATION ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS .............................................................................................................. 857 FIGURE 3-153. COLUMBIAN WHITE-TAILED DEER HIGH-QUALITY EARLY SUCCESSIONAL FORAGE HABITAT FOR THE LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER POPULATION ACROSS ALL LAND OWNERSHIPS ............................................................................................................... 857 FIGURE 3-154. COLUMBIAN WHITE-TAILED DEER HIGH-QUALITY EARLY SUCCESSIONAL FORAGE HABITAT FOR THE DOUGLAS COUNTY POPULATION ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS .............................................................................................................. 859 FIGURE 3-155. COLUMBIAN WHITE-TAILED DEER HIGH-QUALITY EARLY SUCCESSIONAL FORAGE HABITAT FOR THE DOUGLAS COUNTY POPULATION ACROSS ALL OWNERSHIPS ....................................................................................................................... 859 FIGURE 3-156. DEER AND ELK HIGH-QUALITY FORAGE HABITAT IN THE DECISION AREA ................................................................. 865 FIGURE 3-157. DEER AND ELK HIGH-QUALITY FORAGE HABITAT IN THE PLANNING AREA ............................................................... 865 FIGURE 3-158. DEER AND ELK MANAGEMENT AREAS ............................................................................................................ 868 FIGURE 3-159. RANGE OF THE FISHER ................................................................................................................................ 872 FIGURE 3-160. FISHER HABITAT IN THE DECISION AREA .......................................................................................................... 875 FIGURE 3-161. FISHER HABITAT ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS AND ACROSS ALL OWNERSHIPS FOR FORAGING, RESTING, AND DENNING .......................................................................................................................................................................... 878 FIGURE 3-162. FISHER HABITAT IN THE PLANNING AREA ........................................................................................................ 880 FIGURE 3-163. GOLDEN EAGLE NESTING HABITAT IN THE DECISION AREA .................................................................................. 884 FIGURE 3-164. GOLDEN EAGLE NESTING HABITAT IN THE PLANNING AREA ................................................................................. 884 FIGURE 3-165. KNOWN AREAS OF WOLF ACTIVITY IN THE PLANNING AREA ................................................................................ 891 FIGURE 3-166. RANGE AND MANAGEMENT ZONES OF THE MARBLED MURRELET ........................................................................ 898 FIGURE 3-167. MARBLED MURRELET NESTING HABITAT IN THE DECISION AREA .......................................................................... 902 FIGURE 3-168. MARBLED MURRELET NESTING HABITAT TRENDS IN THE DECISION AREA ............................................................... 903 FIGURE 3-169. MARBLED MURRELET HIGH-QUALITY NESTING HABITAT TRENDS IN THE DECISION AREA ........................................... 904 FIGURE 3-170. MARBLED MURRELET HIGH-QUALITY NESTING HABITAT IN THE PLANNING AREA ..................................................... 906 FIGURE 3-171. MARBLED MURRELET NESTING HABITAT IN CRITICAL HABITAT IN THE DECISION AREA ............................................... 907 x | Pa ge FIGURE 3-172. HIGH-QUALITY MARBLED MURRELET NESTING HABITAT IN DESIGNATED CRITICAL HABITAT IN THE PLANNING AREA ........ 908 FIGURE 3-173. MARBLED MURRELET OCCUPANCY DETECTION RATES ....................................................................................... 909 FIGURE 3-174. KNOWN, OCCUPIED MARBLED MURRELET SITES IN THE DECISION AREA ................................................................. 913 FIGURE 3-175. FORECAST OF THE NUMBER OF OCCUPIED MARBLED MURRELET SITES IN THE DECISION AREA .................................... 917 FIGURE 3-176. RANGE OF THE NORTH OREGON COAST DPS OF THE RED TREE VOLE ................................................................... 920 FIGURE 3-177. RED TREE VOLE HABITAT WITHIN THE NORTH OREGON COAST DPS IN THE DECISION AREA ...................................... 922 FIGURE 3-178. RED TREE VOLE HABITAT WITHIN THE NORTH OREGON COAST DPS IN THE PLANNING AREA ..................................... 922 FIGURE 3-179. THE CURRENT (2013) POSITIONS OF NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL HABITAT BLOCKS IN WESTERN OREGON ..................... 937 FIGURE 3-180. THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS IN WESTERN OREGON TO HABITAT BLOCKS IN 2043 AND 2063 ACCORDING TO THE NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 938 FIGURE 3-181. NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL HABITAT BLOCK LOCATIONS IN 2043 AND 2063 UNDER ALTERNATIVE C .......................... 939 FIGURE 3-182. NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL HABITAT BLOCK LOCATIONS IN 2043 AND 2063 UNDER THE PROPOSED RMP .................. 940 FIGURE 3-183. THE NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL DISPERSAL-CAPABLE LANDSCAPE (STIPPLED AREAS) IN 2013, ACCORDING TO THE NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 943 FIGURE 3-184. THE NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL DISPERSAL-CAPABLE LANDSCAPE (STIPPLED AREAS) IN 2043 AND 2063, ACCORDING TO THE NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 944 FIGURE 3-185. DISPERSAL-CAPABLE LANDS (STIPPLED AREAS), AS THEY WOULD EXIST IN 2043 AND 2063, UNDER ALTERNATIVE C ..... 945 FIGURE 3-186. DISPERSAL-CAPABLE LANDS (STIPPLED AREAS), AS THEY WOULD EXIST IN 2043 AND 2063, UNDER THE PROPOSED RMP .......................................................................................................................................................................... 946 FIGURE 3-187. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE MODELING REGIONS ..................................................................................... 950 FIGURE 3-188. SIMULATED NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL POPULATIONS (MEAN NUMBERS OF FEMALES FROM 500 REPLICATE NON- STOCHASTIC SIMULATIONS) FOR EACH WESTERN OREGON MODELING REGION, BY DECADE, UNDER ALTERNATIVE C AND THE PROPOSED RMP, AND ACCORDING TO THE NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS ....................................................... 959 FIGURE 3-189. SIMULATED NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL POPULATIONS (MEAN NUMBERS OF FEMALES FROM 500 REPLICATE NON- STOCHASTIC SIMULATIONS) FOR EACH WESTERN OREGON PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCE, BY DECADE, UNDER ALTERNATIVE C AND THE PROPOSED RMP, AND ACCORDING TO THE NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS ....................................................... 960 FIGURE 3-190. NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS: EXTINCTION RISK AS A FUNCTION OF TIME, USING A QUASI-EXTINCTION LEVEL OF 250 FEMALES IN EACH MODELING REGION .............................................................................................................. 963 FIGURE 3-191. NO TIMBER HARVEST REFERENCE ANALYSIS: EXTINCTION RISK AS A FUNCTION OF TIME, USING A QUASI-EXTINCTION LEVEL OF 100 FEMALES IN EACH MODELING REGION .............................................................................................................. 965 FIGURE 3-192. ALTERNATIVE C: EXTINCTION RISK AS A FUNCTION OF TIME, USING A QUASI-EXTINCTION LEVEL OF 250 FEMALES IN EACH MODELING REGION ................................................................................................................................................. 967 FIGURE 3-193. ALTERNATIVE C: EXTINCTION RISK AS A FUNCTION OF TIME, USING A QUASI-EXTINCTION LEVEL OF 100 FEMALES IN EACH MODELING REGION ................................................................................................................................................. 968 FIGURE 3-194. PROPOSED RMP: EXTINCTION RISK AS A FUNCTION OF TIME, USING A QUASI-EXTINCTION LEVEL OF 250 FEMALES IN EACH MODELING REGION ................................................................................................................................................. 969 FIGURE 3-195. PROPOSED RMP: EXTINCTION RISK AS A FUNCTION OF TIME, USING A QUASI-EXTINCTION LEVEL OF 100 FEMALES IN EACH MODELING REGION ................................................................................................................................................. 970 FIGURE 3-196. PROPOSED RMP WITH BARRED OWL CONTROL: EXTINCTION RISK AS A FUNCTION OF TIME, USING A QUASI-EXTINCTION LEVEL OF 250 FEMALES IN EACH MODELING REGION...................................................................................................... 971 FIGURE 3-197. PROPOSED RMP WITH BARRED OWL CONTROL: EXTINCTION RISK AS A FUNCTION OF TIME, USING A QUASI-EXTINCTION LEVEL OF 100 FEMALES IN EACH MODELING REGION...................................................................................................... 972 FIGURE 3-198. FORECASTED CHANGE IN THE ACRES OF THE FORESTED LANDSCAPE THAT WOULD BE STRONGLY AVOIDED BY NORTHERN SPOTTED OWLS (I.E., NON-HABITAT) OF RESERVE LAND USE ALLOCATIONS ......................................................................... 976 FIGURE 3-199. FORECASTED CHANGE IN THE ACRES OF THE FORESTED LANDSCAPE THAT WOULD BE STRONGLY AVOIDED BY NORTHERN SPOTTED OWLS (I.E., NON-HABITAT) IN CRITICAL HABITAT UNITS ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS........................................... 977 FIGURE 3-200. NUMBER OF NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL SITES THAT WOULD BE AT OR ABOVE RECOVERY ACTION 10 HABITAT THRESHOLDS DURING EACH DECADE ............................................................................................................................................. 979 FIGURE 3-201. CHANGE IN THE ACRES OF ‘STRONGLY-SELECTED-FOR’ HABITAT ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS IN WESTERN OREGON . 985 FIGURE 3-202. CHANGE IN THE ACRES OF MATURE MULTIPLE-CANOPY AND STRUCTURALLY-COMPLEX FOREST ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS IN WESTERN OREGON .................................................................................................................................... 986 FIGURE 3-203. NUMBER OF NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL KNOWN SITES ASSOCIATED WITH CRITICAL HABITAT ON BLM-ADMINISTERED LANDS THAT WOULD BE AT OR ABOVE RECOVERY ACTION 10 HABITAT THRESHOLDS DURING EACH DECADE ....................................... 994 xi | Pa ge

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