Property and Political Order in Africa: Land Rights and the Structure of Politics PDF
Preview Property and Political Order in Africa: Land Rights and the Structure of Politics
PropertyandPoliticalOrderinAfrica Insub-SaharanAfrica,propertyrelationshipsaroundlandandaccessto naturalresourcesvaryacrosslocalities, districts, andfarmingregions. Thesedifferencesproducepatternedvariationsinrelationshipsbetween individuals,communities,andthestate.Thisbookcapturesthesepat- terns in an analysis of structure and variation in rural land tenure regimes. In most farming areas, state authority is deeply embedded in landregimes,drawingfarmers,ethnicinsidersandoutsiders,lineages, villages, and communities into direct and indirect relationships with politicalauthoritiesatdifferentlevelsofthestateapparatus.Theanal- ysisshowshowpropertyinstitutions–institutionsthatdefinepolitical authorityandhierarchyaroundland–shapedynamicsofgreatinterest to scholars of politics, including the dynamics of land-related compe- titionandconflict,territorialconflict,patron-clientrelations,electoral cleavageandmobilization,ethnicpolitics,ruralrebellion,andthelocal- izationand“nationalization”ofpoliticalcompetition. CatherineBooneisProfessorofGovernmentandInternationalDevel- opmentattheLondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience,where she teaches courses on political economy and African politics. She is former Professor of Government and Long Chair Fellow at the Uni- versity of Texas at Austin. Boone has been a member of the board of directorsoftheAfricanStudiesAssociation,theexecutivecouncilofthe AmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation(APSA),andtheexecutivecom- mitteeoftheComparativePoliticsSectionofAPSA.ShewasTreasurer and then President of the West Africa Research Association (2005– 2008).SheisauthorofMerchantCapitalandtheRootsofStatePower in Senegal, 1930–1985 (Cambridge, 1992) andPolitical Topogra- phies of the African State: Rural Authority and Institutional Choice (Cambridge,2003),whichwontheSocietyforComparativeResearch MatteiDoganAwardin2005. CambridgeStudiesinComparativePolitics GeneralEditor MargaretLevi UniversityofWashington,Seattle AssistantGeneralEditors KathleenThelen MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology ErikWibbels DukeUniversity AssociateEditors RobertH.Bates HarvardUniversity GaryCox StanfordUniversity StephenHanson TheCollegeofWilliam&Mary TorbenIversen HarvardUniversity StathisKalyvas YaleUniversity PeterLange DukeUniversity HelenMilner PrincetonUniversity FrancesRosenbluth YaleUniversity SusanStokes YaleUniversity SidneyTarrow CornellUniversity BooksintheSeries BenW.Ansell,FromtheBallottotheBlackboard:TheRedistributivePolitical EconomyofEducation LeonardoR.Arriola,Multi-EthnicCoalitionsinAfrica:BusinessFinancingof OppositionElectionCampaigns David Austen-Smith, Jeffry A. Frieden, Miriam A. Golden, Karl Ove Moene, and Adam Przeworski, eds., Selected Works of Michael Wallerstein: The PoliticalEconomyofInequality,Unions,andSocialDemocracy AndyBaker,TheMarketandtheMassesinLatinAmerica:PolicyReformand ConsumptioninLiberalizingEconomies LisaBaldez,WhyWomenProtest:Women’sMovementsinChile StefanoBartolini,ThePoliticalMobilizationoftheEuropeanLeft,1860–1980: TheClassCleavage RobertBates,WhenThingsFellApart:StateFailureinLate-CenturyAfrica MarkBeissinger,NationalistMobilizationandtheCollapseoftheSovietState NancyBermeo,ed.,UnemploymentintheNewEurope CarlesBoix,DemocracyandRedistribution Carles Boix, Political Parties, Growth, and Equality: Conservative and Social DemocraticEconomicStrategiesintheWorldEconomy Catherine Boone, Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal, 1930–1985 ContinuedaftertheIndex Property and Political Order in Africa Land Rights and the Structure of Politics CATHERINE BOONE LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,ny10013-2473,usa CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitofeducation, learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107649934 ©CatherineBoone2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Boone,Catherine. PropertyandpoliticalorderinAfrica:landrightsandthestructureofpolitics/CatherineBoone. p. cm.–(Cambridgestudiesincomparativepolitics) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-1-107-04069-4(hardback)–isbn978-1-107-64993-4(pbk.) 1.Landtenure–Politicalaspects–Africa. 2.Landuse,Rural–Politicalaspects–Africa. 3.Landuse–Governmentpolicy–Africa.4.Central–localgovernmentrelations–Africa. 5.Ethnicity–Politicalaspects–Africa. 6.Ethnicconflict–Africa. I.Title. II.Series: Cambridgestudiesincomparativepolitics. hd963.b66 2013 323.46096–dc23 2013009770 isbn978-1-107-04069-4Hardback isbn978-1-107-64993-4Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurlsfor externalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguarantee thatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. To my family Of course the land question in sub-Saharan Africa has dominated thepoliticalarenaforovertwocenturies.Landandlandresources were central to the imperial conquest, the colonial settlement and the extractive economy, administered in terms of imported legal frameworkswhichclaimedtoextinguishrightsheldunderlocalcus- tomarylaw.Whetherthepurposewasagriculture,mining,adminis- trativecontrolorsimplytrade,landandpropertyrightsbecamethe subject of fierce competition and conflict and, in most cases, were attherootofthefreedomstruggle....Foruptofourdecadesafter independence, issues of land and property rights have remained at the centre of contemporary politics in the region. Yet, with the exception of a few states, we have been reluctant to confront the landissue. –PermanentSecretary,Kenya’sMinistryofLandsandHousing, Eng.E.K.Mwongera1 1 KeynoteAddress:ACTSSeminaronLandTenureandConflictinAfrica,Nairobi2004,4–5. Contents ListofFigures,TablesandMaps pagexi PrefaceandAcknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction:PropertyRegimesandLandConflict:Seeing InstitutionsandTheirEffects 1 parti. propertyrightsandthestructureofpolitics 17 2 LandTenureRegimesandPoliticalOrderinRuralAfrica 19 3 RisingCompetitionforLand:RedistributionandItsVaried PoliticalEffects 52 partii. ethnicity:propertyinstitutionsandethnic cleavage 91 4 EthnicStrangersasSecond-ClassCitizens 100 EthnicHierarchyinWesternBurkinaFaso 101 ExpulsionofAliensfromGhana’sCocoaRegion 109 LandTensionsinWesternGhana 115 5 EthnicStrangersasProtectedClientsoftheState 127 SouthwesternCoˆted’Ivoire:StrangersImposed“ByForce!” 129 Kenya’sRiftValleySettlers 139 “ForcedCohabitation”inEasternDRC 157 partiii. politicalscale:propertyinstitutionsand thescaleandscopeofconflict 177 6 LandConflictattheMicro-Scale:Family 188 ix
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