Properties of QCD Matter at High Baryon Density PDF
Preview Properties of QCD Matter at High Baryon Density
Properties of QCD Matter at High Baryon Density · · · Xiaofeng Luo Qun Wang Nu Xu Pengfei Zhuang Editors Properties of QCD Matter at High Baryon Density Editors XiaofengLuo QunWang CollegeofPhysicalScience DepartmentofModernPhysics andTechnology UniversityofScienceandTechnology CentralChinaNormalUniversity ofChina Wuhan,China Hefei,China NuXu PengfeiZhuang LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory DepartmentofPhysics Berkeley,CA,USA TsinghuaUniversity Beijing,China CollegeofPhysicalScience andTechnology CentralChinaNormalUniversity Wuhan,China InstituteofModernPhysics ChineseAcademyofSciences Gansu,China ISBN 978-981-19-4440-6 ISBN 978-981-19-4441-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4441-3 JointlypublishedwithSciencePress TheprinteditionisnotforsaleinChinamainland.CustomersfromChinamainlandpleaseordertheprint bookfrom:SciencePress. ©SciencePress2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsofreprinting,reuseofillustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublishers,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishersnortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublishersremainneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Introduction ThetheorythatcontrolsthestronginteractionisQuantumChromodynamics(QCD). It is widely believed that phase transitions for color deconfinement exist at high temperatureorbaryondensities,andthatQCDmatterwillenteranewphase,theso- calledQuark-GluonPlasma(QGP),undertheseextremeconditions.Althoughthis newstateofmattermayexistinthecoresofcompactstars,theonlyknownwayto achievethedeconfinementphasetransitionsinthelaboratoryisthroughhigh-energy nuclearcollisions.Overthepasttwodecades,nuclear collisionsattheRelativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have provided vast amount of data over a wide range in center-of-mass energy. From comprehensive studies in both theory and experiment, the QGP is believed to be created in the earlystageofthosecollisions,evidenced bymultiplesignaturessuchascollective flow,jetquenching,andquarkoniumsuppression.However,someofthefundamental questions, like the critical point of the phase transition and the properties of QGP, arestillopen. WhatarethescientificprioritiesafterRHICisshutdownandturnedtothefuture ElectronIonCollider(EIC)?Whatshouldbethefuturefocusesofnuclearcollisions? WhatarethethermodynamicpropertiesoftheQCDmatterathighbaryondensities? What is the phase boundary and are there new phases at moderate baryon densi- ties?WhataretheelectromagneticandrotationalpropertiesoftheQGPinheavy-ion collisions?Howdoesonemakeconnectionfromthermodynamicslearnedinnuclear collisionstoastrophysics,forinstance,theinnerstructureofcompactstarsandthe dynamicalprocessofthemergingofneutronstars?Toanswerthesequestions,scien- tists have turned to intermediate energy nuclear collisions, and several heavy-ion acceleratorcomplexesareunderconstruction,includingNICAatJINR(3–11GeV), FAIR at GSI (2–4.9 GeV SIS100), and HIAF at IMP (2–4 GeV). All of them are promisedtobeinoperationin2026orearlier.Inaddition,heavy-ioncollisionhas beenactivelydiscussedatJ-PARC. The new phenomena in extremely high-energy nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHCcomefromvacuumexcitation.Particlethermalmotionovercomesthebinding energyofquarksandleadstoacontinuousphasetransition(crossover)fromhadronic mattertopartonicmatter.Theoretically,thethermalmotioninducedcontinuitymakes v vi Introduction itpossibletoperformnon-perturbativeQCDcalculationsonthelatticeandviathe methodofrenormalizationgroup.Experimentally,itisthecontinuitythatoffersthe opportunity to study the properties of the new matter besides the phase transition (crossover)itself.Almostallthemeasuredsignaturesarerelatedtothenewmatter above the transition temperature. Very different from the temperature effect, the physicsinintermediateenergynuclearcollisionsisassociatedwithvacuumcompres- sion.Quarks,whicharefermions,areexpectedtoundergoafirst-orderphasetran- sition due to the Pauli blocking effect. The jump between the two phases at finite baryondensityresultsindifficultiestoperformlatticeQCDsimulationsandtomake scaletransformationintherenormalizationgroupapproach.Ontheotherhand,the quantumPauliblockingmayspeeduptherestorationofthosesymmetrieswhichare brokeninvacuumduetoquantumanomalies,likeU (1)symmetry.Experimentally, A theabruptchangesinphysicsquantitiesacrossthephasetransitionlinemayinduce sensitivesignaturesofthephasetransitionitself.Inaddition,theelectromagneticand vorticalfieldscreatedinintermediateenergynuclearcollisionsmaylastlongerthan thoseathighenergies,leadingtomoreeasilymeasurablephenomenalikethechiral magneticeffect(CME),thechiralverticaleffect(CVE),andglobalpolarizationof hyperons. This review is a collective work of many experts from research fields in which someoftheabovequestionsarebeingtackled.Webelievethat,byansweringthese questions via nuclear collisions, we will advance our understanding of the phase transitioninQCDandintheearlyuniverse,ultimatelypertinenttotheevolutionof ouruniversetotodayandintofuture. Contents 1 QCDPhaseStructureatFiniteBaryonDensity ................... 1 H.-T.Ding,W.J.Fu,F.Gao,M.Huang,X.G.Huang,F.Karsch, J.F.Liao, X.F.Luo, B.Mohanty, T.Nonaka, P.Petreczky, K.Redlich,C.D.Roberts,andN.Xu 2 NuclearMatterUnderExtremeExternalFields ................... 77 X.G.Huang,Z.T.Liang,J.F.Liao,S.Pu,S.Z.Shi,S.Singha, A.H.Tang,F.Q.Wang,Q.Wang,andY.Yin 3 DynamicalEvolutionofHeavy-IonCollisions ..................... 135 H.Elfner, J.Y.Jia, Z.W.Lin, Y.Nara, L.G.Pang, C.Shen, S.S.Shi,M.Stephanov,L.Yan,Y.Yin,andP.F.Zhuang 4 NuclearMatteratHighDensityandEquationofState ............. 183 L.W.Chen,X.Dong,K.Fukushima,T.Galatyuk,N.Herrmann, B.Hong, A.Kisiel, Y.Leifels, B.A.Li, R.Rapp, H.Sako, J.Stroth,F.Q.Wang,Z.G.Xiao,N.Xu,R.X.Xu,Y.F.Zhang, andX.L.Zhu Appendix: ConcludingRemark ..................................... 287 vii List of Contributors ChenL.W. ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai,China DingH.-T. CentralChinaNormalUniversity,Wuhan,China DongX. LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,Berkeley,CA,USA ElfnerH. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; FrankfurtInstituteforAdvancedStudies,FrankfurtamMain,Germany; GoetheUniversity,FrankfurtamMain,Germany; Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR (HFHF), GSI Helmholtz Center, CampusFrankfurt,FrankfurtamMain,Germany FuW.J. DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian,China FukushimaK. UniversityofTokyo,Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo,Japan GalatyukT. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany; TechnischeUniversitätDarmstadt,Darmstadt,Germany; Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR (HFHF), GSI Helmholtz Center, CampusFrankfurt,FrankfurtamMain,Germany GaoF. UniversityofHeidelberg,Heidelberg,Germany HerrmannN. UniversityofHeidelberg,Heidelberg,Germany HongB. KoreaUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea HuangM. UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China HuangX.G. FudanUniversity,Shanghai,China JiaJ.Y. Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,Upton,NY,USA ix x ListofContributors KarschF. BielefeldUniversity,Bielefeld,Germany KisielA. WarsawUniversityofTechnology,Warsaw,Poland LeifelsY. GSIHelmholtzzentrumfürSchwerionenforschung,Darmstadt,Germany LiB.A. TexasA&MUniversity-Commerce,Commerce,TX,USA LiangZ.T. ShandongUniversity,Qingdao,Shandong,China LiaoJ.F. IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,IN,USA LinZ.W. EastCarolinaUniversity,Greenville,NC,USA LuoX.F. CentralChinaNormalUniversity,Wuhan,China NaraY. AkitaInternationalUniversity,Yuwa,Akita-city,Japan NonakaT. UniversityofTsukuba,Tsukuba,Ibaraki,Japan PangL.G. CentralChinaNormalUniversity,Wuhan,China PetreczkyP. BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,Upton,NY,USA PuS. UniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,Hefei,Anhui,China RappR. TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX,USA RedlichK. UniversityofWroclaw,Wroclaw,Poland RobertsC.D. NanjingUniversity,Nanjing,Jiangsu,China SakoH. JapanAtomicEnergyAgency(JAEA),Ibaraki,Japan ShenC. BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,Upton,NY,USA; WayneStateUniversity,Detroit,Michigan,USA ShiS.S. CentralChinaNormalUniversity,Wuhan,China ShiS.Z. McGillUniversity,Montreal,QC,Canada; Center for Nuclear Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, StonyBrook University,StonyBrook,NY,USA SinghaS. InstituteofModernPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Gansu,China StephanovM. UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,IL,USA StrothJ. GoetheUniversity,FrankfurtamMain,Germany; GSIHelmholtzzentrumfu¨rSchwerionenforschung,Darmstadt,Germany; Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR (HFHF), GSI Helmholtz Center, CampusFrankfurt,FrankfurtamMain,Germany TangA.H. BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,Upton,NY,USA WangF.Q. HuzhouUniversity,Huzhou,Zhejiang,China; PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN,USA WangQ. UniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,Hefei,Anhui,China
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