propensity score adjustment in multiple group observational studies

118 Pages·2012·1.1 MB·English

PROPENSITY SCORE ADJUSTMENT IN MULTIPLE
GROUP OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES: COMPARING
MATCHING AND ALTERNATIVE METHODS
DISSERTATION
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of
Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University
By
Erinn M. Hade, BA, MS
Graduate Program in Public Health
The Ohio State University
2012
Dissertation Committee:
Bo Lu, PhD, Advisor
Hong Zhu, PhD
Jason Hsu, PhD
(cid:13)c Copyright by
Erinn M. Hade
2012
ABSTRACT
In medical and public health research, many studies are observational. In these
studies, the treatment is not randomly assigned to participants. Therefore, the dif-
ferences in outcomes between treatment groups could be due to imbalances of char-
acteristics that are related to the outcome of interest prior to the treatment. Herein
we investigate how we can use propensity scores, the conditional probability of re-
ceiving treatment given the observed information, to make valid causal inference in
observational studies. Theoretical results for the bias are given for linear response
models that use the propensity score as a linear covariate. The bias depends on the
relationship between the propensity score, the treatment indicator and the functional
form of the covariate. Various methods for estimation of the treatment effect are
explored. We show that the bias is influenced by the overlap in the distributions
and functional forms of the covariates. When the distributions of the covariates have
substantial overlap between treated and control groups, matching does well in terms
of bias.
In the second half of our work, we continue to investigate propensity score meth-
ods for causal inference in observational studies, however our focus turns to studies
with multiple groups. These methods are motivated by an example from the Pre-
maturity Prevention Clinic at The Ohio State University. Our innovation relies on
matching triplets of patients, which includes one patient from each of our groups of
interest (those treated on-time, those with delayed treatment, and those who never
were treated with 17P). Within each of these triplets, we attempt to balance pre-
treatment characteristics by two matching techniques. We investigate two match-
ing algorithms via simulation. Theese simulation studies found that a sub-optimal
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matching approach will in most circumstances provide better overall matches, than a
nearest-neighbor approach. We implement our sub-optimal triplet matching for our
motivating data and provide some conclusions about these data and future work with
these methods.
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I dedicate this work to my family; to my husband who has been my unwavering
support; to my girls, who have been so patient while mommy works; and to my
parents who I would have never considered this a possibility without their guidance.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many thanks for their time, support and encouragement to my advisor, Dr. Bo
Lu and to Drs. Hong Zhu and Jason Hsu. The research presented is supported
through a grant from the National Center for Research Resources Award Number
UL1RR025755. We also thank Jay Iams, MD and the research team in the Division
of Obstetrics and Gynecology with the Prematurity Prevention Clinic at The Ohio
State University (Courtney Lynch, PhD, Sherrine Ibrahim, MD and Hetty Walker,
RN) for use of their data and the opportunity to collaborate in their research.
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VITA
1976 .................................. Born in Denville, NJ, USA
1998 .................................. BA in French and Statistics, Rutgers Col-
lege, Rutgers Univeristy
2001 .................................. MS in Biostatistics, University of Wash-
ington
1998-1999 ............................. Statistical Programmer, Center for Re-
searchonChildWellbeing,PrincetonUni-
versity
1999-2001 ............................. Graduate Research Assistant, Cardiovas-
cular Health Study, Department of Bio-
statistics, University of Washington
2000-2000 ............................. GraduateTeachingAssistant,Department
of Biostatistics, University of Washington
2002-2002 ............................. OperationsProgrammer,StatProbeCRO,
Dublin, Ohio
2002-2006 ............................. Biostatistician I, Center for Biostatistics,
The Ohio State University
2006-Present .......................... BiostatisticianII,CenterforBiostatistics,
The Ohio State University
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PUBLICATIONS
BackesFJ,NagelCI,BussewitzE,DonnerJ,Hade E,SalaniR.. Theimpactofbody
weight on ovarian cancer outcomes. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2011 Dec;21(9):1601-5.
PMID: 21997171
Christa I Nagel, MD; Floor J Backes, MD; Erinn M Hade, MS; David E Cohn,
MD; Eric L Eisenhauer, MD; David M O’Malley, MD; Jeffrey M Fowler, MD; Larry J
Copeland, MD, Ritu Salani, MD. Effect of chemotherapy delays and dose reductions
on progression free and overall survival in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Gynecologic Oncology. 2011 Nov 3. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 22055764
Rhoda D, Murray DM, Andridge RR, Pennell ML, Hade EM. Multiple Baseline
Designs and Group-Randomized Trials. American Journal of Public Health. Online
Sept 22 2011.
CraigC.Hofmeister,XiaoxiaYang,FlaviaPichiorri,PingChen,DarleneM.Rozewski,
Amy J. Johnson, Seungsoo Lee, Zhongfa Liu, Celia L. Garr, Erinn M. Hade, Jia
Ji, Larry J. Schaaf, Don M. Benson Jr., Eric H. Kraut, William J Hicks, Kenneth K.
Chan, Ching-Shih Chen, Sherif S. Farag, Michael R. Grever, John C. Byrd, Mitch A.
Phelps. Phase I Trial of Lenalidomide and CCI-779 in Patients with Relapsed Mul-
tiple Myeloma: Evidence for Lenalidomide-CCI-779 Interaction via P-Glycoprotein.
Journal of Clinical Oncology. Sep 1, 2011:3427-3434; published online on August 8,
2011; DOI:10.1200/JCO.2010.32.4962.
Love RR, Young GS, Hade EM, Jarjoura D. Effects on Survival of Menstrual Cycle
Phase of Adjuvant Surgical Oophorectomy in Premenopausal Women with Breast
Cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2011; 126(2): 479-85.
Pennell M, Hade EM, Murray DM, Rhoda D. Cutoff Designs for Community-Based
Intervention Studies. Statistics in Medicine 2011; 30: 1865-1882.
Hade EM, Jarjoura D, Wei L. Sample size re-estimation in a breast cancer trial.
Clinical Trials 2010; 7: 219-226.
Hade EM,MurrayDM,PennellM,RhodaD,PaskettE.etal. IntraclassCorrelation
Estimates for Cancer Screening Outcomes: Estimates and Applications in the Design
of Group Randomized Cancer Screening Studies. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 40
(2010), pp. 97-103.
Murray DM, Pennell M, Rhoda D, Hade EM, Paskett E. Designing Studies that
WouldAddresstheMultilayeredNatureofHealthCare. . JNatlCancerInstMonogr,
40 (2010), pp. 90-96.
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Paskett ED, McLaughlin JM, Reiter PL, Lehman AM, Rhoda DA, Katz ML, Hade
EM, Post DM, Ruffin MT. Psychosocial predictors of adherence to risk-appropriate
cervical cancer screening guidelines: A cross sectional study of women in Ohio Ap-
palachiaparticipatingintheCommunityAwarenessResourcesandEducation(CARE)
project. Prev Med., 50 (2010), pp. 74-80
Duan W, Gao L, Wu X, Hade EM, GaoJX, Ding H, Barsky SH, Otterson GA
and Villalona-Calero MA. Expression of a mutant p53 results in an age-related de-
mographic shift in spontaneous lung tumor formation in transgenic mice. PLoS
ONE,(2009).
ConreyEJ,Hade EM,NortonA,ScarpittiH.Methodologyforasurveyofoverweight
andobesitycoordinatedwithoralhealthsurveillanceamongOhiothirdgraders. Prev
Chronic Dis 2009;6(1).
Gregory B. Lesinski, Ene T. Raig, Kristan Guenterberg, Lloyd Brown, Michael R.
Go, Nisha N. Shah, Adrian Lewis, Megan Quimper, Erinn Hade, Gregory Young,
Abhik Ray Chaudhury, Katherine J. Ladner, Denis C. Guttridge, Page Bouchard and
William E. Carson III. Interferon-alpha and bortezomib overcome Bcl-2 and Mcl 1
over-expression in melanoma cells by stimulating the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
Cancer Research. 2008 68: 8351-8360.
Holmes JH, Lehman AK, Hade E, Ferketich AK, Gehlert S, Rauscher GH, Abrams
J, Bird CE. Challenges for Multi-Level Health Disparities Research in a Transdisci-
plinaryEnvironment. AmericanJournalofPreventiveMedicine. 2008;35(2S):S182S192
Hamadani M, Hade E, Benson DM Jr, Hofmeister CC. The Effect of Statin Use at
the Time of Autologous Transplant on Response and Survival in Multiple Myeloma.
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2008 Mar;14(3):351-2.
Strafford K, Shellhaas C, Hade EM. Provider and patient perceptions about dental
care during pregnancy. The Journal of Maternal Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2008.
21(1) 63-71.
Love RR, Dinh NV, Quy TT, Linh ND, Tung ND, Shen TZ, Hade EM, Young GS,
Jarjoura D. Survival after adjuvant oophorectomy and tamoxifen in operable breast
cancer in premenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008. 26(2) 253-257.
Tami R. Waterman, Daniel D. Smeak, Joseph Kowalski, Erinn M. Hade. Com-
parison of Bacterial Counts in Glove Juice of Surgeons Wearing Smooth Band Rings
Versus Those Without Rings. American Journal of Infection Control. 34(7): 421-425
September 2006
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Gregory B. Lesinski, Nisha N. Shah, Adrian Lewis, Michael Go, Erinn M. Hade,
Katherine Guttridge, Denis Guttridge, Page Bouchard, William E. Carson III. En-
hanced in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity of bortezomib (Velcade, PS 341)
when administered with interferon-alpha. Journal of Immunotherapy. 28(6):622-623,
November/December 2005.
GregoryB.Lesinski,DanielValentino,Erinn M. Hade,SusieJones,CynthiaMagro,
Abhik Ray Chaudhury, Michael J. Walker, and William E.Carson III. Expression Of
STAT1 And STAT2 In Malignant Melanoma Does Not Correlate With Response To
Interferon Alpha Adjuvant Therapy. Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy. Volume:
54, Issue: 9, September 2005. pp. 815 - 825.
Ewa Mrozek, Chris A. Rhoades, Joan Allen, Erinn M. Hade, Charles L. Shapiro.
Phase I Trial of Liposomal Encapsulated Doxorubicin (Myocet, D-99) and Weekly
Docetaxel in Advanced Breast Cancer Patients. Annals of Oncology. Volume: 16,
Issue: 7, July 2005. pp. 1087-1093.
Ping-Hui Tseng, Ho-Pi Lin, Jiuxiang Zhu, Kuen-Feng Chen, Erinn M. Hade, Donn
C. Young, John C. Byrd, Michael Grever, Brian J. Druker, Ching-Shih Chen. ”Syn-
ergistic Interactions between Imatinib and the Novel Phosphoinositide-Dependent
Kinase-1 Inhibitor OSU-03012 in Overcoming Imatinib Resistance”. Blood., May
2005; 105: 4021 - 4027.
Donn C. Young, Erinn M. Hade. Holidays and Postponement of Cancer Death.
Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004. 292 (24). pp. 3012-3016.
Nancy E. Reichman, Erinn M. Hade, Validation of Birth Certificate Data. A Study
of Women in New Jerseys HealthStart Program. Annals of Epidemiology. 2001. 11
(3) pp. 186-193.
FIELDS OF STUDY
Major Field: Public Health
Specialization: Biostatistics
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