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Promoting inclusive teacher education PDF

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;dfjz] L lzIfs lzIffsf ] k|jwg{ kf7o\ qmd 3 Oofg sKnfg / OGu|L8 nl] j; k } / j L l g b {] l z s f ;dfjz] L lzIfs lzIffsf ] k|jwg{ kf7o\ qmd 3 Oofg sKnfg / OGu|L8 nl] j; ks| fzs M og' :] sf ] as+} s lzIffsf nflu Pl;of tyf kz| fGt Ifq] Lo Ao/" f] ddnc' fª lkg dnfsn' ;G] 6g] /L ejg (@) ;v' l' Djt ;8s, ks| fgfª] , Snfª] 6fO] { as+} s !)!!), yfONofG8 APL/13/013-500 © og' :] sf ] @)!# ;jfl{ wsf/ ;/' lIft ISBN 978-92-9223-442-3 -db' 0| f_ ISBN 978-92-9223-443-0 -OnS] 6f« l] gs_ o; ks| fzgsf sg' } klg ;fduL| sf k:| tl' tx¿df sg' } bz] sf ] sfgg' L cj:yf of sfgg' ;uF ;DalGwt ;jfndf og' :] sfs] f ] cfkmg\ f ] dg;fo /xs] f ] 5g} . To:t } u/L sg' } bz] sf,] vf; ;x/ jf efu} fl] ns Ifq] sf ] ;Ldfgf;uF ;DalGwt s/' fx¿sf af/d] f og' :] sfn] ] l6Kk0fL ug {] dg;foaf6 klg oL ;fduL| x¿df sg' } klg vfnsf ] k:| tl' t ug { vfl] hPsf ] 5g} . o;df pNnl] vt tYox¿sf ] 5gf6] / k:| tt' Ls/0fsf nflu nv] sx¿ lhDdj] f/ 5g \ . To; } u/L oxf F cleJoQm ePsf ljrf/x¿sf ;DaGwdf klg pgLx¿ lhDdj] f/ 5g,\ hg' og' :] sfs] f cflwsfl/s wf/0ff gxg' ;S5g \ / tL s/' fdf o; ;:+ yfsf ] hjfkmbl] xtf /xbF g} . ;r" gfsf ] Jofks kr| f/–k;| f/sf nflu og' :] sf ] as+} s kl| ta4 5 / To; p2Z] odf /x/] of ] kl' :tsf jf cGo ks| flzt ;fduL| x¿sf ] kg' /db' 0| f, kg' Mks| fzg jf cgs' n' g (adaptation) cyjf cgj' fbsf nflu ul/g ] ;fw] k5' nfO { ;bj} :jfut ul/G5 . o;af/d] f lj:tt[ hfgsf/L lng el" dsf ;dfjz] L lzIff jf:tjdf ;Dk0" f { l;sf? -ljBfyL_{ x¿sf ] l;sfOdf ;xeflutf a9fP/ pgLx¿sf ljleGg ks| f/sf cfjZostfx¿nfO { ;Dafw] g ub {} l;sfpg ] Pp6f kl| qmof xf ] . o;df pgLx¿sf l;sfO cge' jx¿ / l;sfO pknlAwx¿sf ] ;anLs/0f ug {] kl| qmof ;uF ;uF } rNb5 / lzIffdf xg' ] alx:s/0f (exclusion) nfO { Gog" ul/G5 . ;dfjz] L lzIffsf nflu sfd ul//xbF f æ;as} f nflu lzIffÆ (Education for All) sf ] ;femf b/" bl[ i6af6 lgbl{] zt eP/ lzIf0f l;sfOsf ljifoj:t,' cjwf/0ffx¿ (approaches), zl} Ifs kl| qmof, ;/+ rgf tyf /0fgLltx¿df dxŒjk0" f { kl/jtg{ tyf ;w' f/ ugk{' g {] vfrF f ] kb5{ . o; kl| qmofdf lzIfsx¿n ] cfjZos el" dsf vN] gk' g {] ckl/xfo { 5 . kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg (pre-service) lzIfs lzIffn ] eljiosf lzIfsx¿nfO { cfjZos kg {] 1fg, Ifdtf / dN" ox¿ (values) kb| fg ug {} kb5{ , h;af6 pgLx¿ cfkm\ gf ] sfoy{ nfd] f ;dfjz] L l;sfO jftfj/0fsf ] lgdf0{ f / ljsf; ug { ;sg" \ . tyflk xfn;fn } og' :] sfs] f ] lzIffsf nflu Pl;of–kz| fGt Ifq] Lo Ao/" f ] -og' :] sf ] as+} s_ åf/f gt] T[ j ul/Psf ] Ps cWoogn ] lgsfns] f ] lgisifc{ g;' f/ o; Ifq] sf bz] x¿df xg' ] kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIff sfoq{ mdx¿sf ] kg' /fjnfs] g (review) u/L lgsflnPsf ] lgisifc{ g;' f/ o; Ifq] sf w/] } bz] x¿df ;~rfng xg' ] kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIffn ] cfkm\ gf :gftsx¿nfO { ljBfyLs{ f ljleGgtfx¿sf ] ke| fjsf/L ;Dafw] g ug;{ Sg ] agfpgsf nflu w/] } s/' fx¿ ug { cem} afsF L 5 . o; ki[ 7el" ddf of ] æ;dfjz] L lzIfs lzIffsf ] kj| wg{ M k/} jL lgbl{] zsfÆ zLifs{ sf ] of ] ks| fzgnfO { og' :] sf ] as+} sn ] aflx/ NofPsf ] 5 . o;cGtut{ kfrF j6f kl' :tsfx¿ 5g \ M kl/ro, gLlt, kf7o\ qmd, ;fduL| x¿ / ljlw . lzIfs lzIffnfO { a9LeGbf a9L ;dfjz] L agfpgsf nflu kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIffdf kl/jtg{ / ;w' f/ ugt]{ km{ k/} jL (advocacy) ug { rfxg ] hf;] s' n} fO { klg ;xofu] ku' f;] \ eGg ] dg;fon ] oL ;fduL| x¿ k:| tt' ul/Psf ] 5 . oL kl' :tsfx¿ x–' ax ' nfu " ugk{ g {] lgbl{] zsf rflx F xfO] gg \ a? logn ] k/} jLstfx{ ¿ (advocates) nfO { sx] L pkfox¿ cjZo ;e' mfp5F g \ — h;nfO { cfkm\ gf ] ljlzi6 kl/l:ylt / cfjZostfcg;' f/ ;dfofh] g u/L nfu " ug { ;lsG5 . oL ;fduL| x¿sf ] ks| fzgaf6 Pl;of–kz| fGt Ifq] sf ] lzIfs lzIffnfO { ;w' f/ ug { / ;an tN' ofpg d2t kU' 5 eGg ] dn} ] cfzf lnPsf ] 5 ' — h;af6 a9L ;dfjz] L / u0' f:t/Lo lzIff k0| ffnLsf ] ljsf; ug { ;lsof;] \ . Ujfª–hf ] lsd lgbz{] s og' :] sf ] as+} s s st[ 1tf æ;dfjz] L lzIfs lzIffsf ] kj| wg{ M k/} jL lgbl{] zsfÆ sf ] ks| fzg jf:tjdf Pp6f ;fdl' xs ko| f;sf ] pkh xf ] . o; ko| f;df ofu] bfg k¥' ofpg ] ;Dk0" f { JolQmx¿nfO { og' :] sf ] as+} s wGojfb 1fkg ub5{ . k:| tt' ks| flzt ;6] cGtut{ sf % j6f k/} jL lgbl{] zsfx¿sf nv] s OG{ ofalnª Phs' ;] g g6] js { (EENET) CIC sf Oofg sKnfg / Ol{ Gu8| nl] j;nfO { o; sfdsf nflu ljzi] f st[ 1tf JoQm ul/G5 . Oofg / OlGu8| n ] EENET CIC sf dfWodaf6 dfq xfO] g To;aflx/af6 klg ;dfjz] L lzIffsf ] l;4fGt / ko| fu] sf ;DaGwdf cfkm\ gf ] 1fg / ljzi] f1tfnfO { axt' } vN' nf xb[ on ] kr| f/df Nofpge' Psf ] 5 / oL k/} jL lgbl{] zsfx¿ -Advocacy guides_ sf ] ljsf; ug {] qmddf xfdL pxfxF ¿af6 ;flF Rrs } nfeflGjt ePsf 5f +} . To; } u/L au+ nfbz] , sDafl] 8of, rLg, nfcf ] lkl8 cf/ (Lao PDR), du+ fl] nof, gk] fn, yfONofG8 / leotgfdsf cg;' Gwfg 6fn] Ldf /xs] f JolQmx¿ klg wGojfbsf kfq xg' x' G' 5 — hf ] @))*—@))( df ;DkGg kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIff k0| ffnLx¿sf ] uxg ;dLIff / cj:yf ljZni] f0f (situation analysis) sfod{ f ;n+ Ug xg' e' of ] / @)!)—@)!! df ePsf ] kg' /fjnfs] g (follow up review) df klg sfd uge{' of ] clg cf–cfkm\ gf ] bz] sf tkm{ af6 kl| tjb] g (country report) tof/ kfge{' of ] . tL kl| tjb] gx¿sf cfwf/df g } oL k/} jL lgbl{] zsfx¿ tof/ ul/Psf ] xf ] . To; } u/L @) Ao/" f ] (International Bureau of Education), og' :] sfs] f ] dV' ofnodf /xs] f ] cfwf/et" lzIff zfvf (Section for Basic Eduation) sf ;fy } aO] lhª, 9fsf, xgfO] , sf7df8f +} tyf gfd] kg] \ (Phnom Penh) df /xs] f og' :] sfs] f clkm;x¿df sfo/{ t xfdf| ;fyLx¿n ] o;sf nflu 7n" f ] ;xofu] uge{' Psf ] 5 . og' :] sf ] as+} sdf xfn sfo/{ t / ljutdf sfd uge{' Psf ;fyLx¿sf ] lg/Gt/ ;xofu] lagf of ] sfo { ;DkGg xg' ] lyPg . pxfxF ¿nfO { klg xfdL ;whF} :t } u/L xb[ obl] v g } wGojfb 6qm\ ofpg rfxG5f +} . cGtdf xfdL æ;as} f nflu lzIff / lbuf ] ljsf;sf nflu lzIff tkm { u0' f:t/Lo lzIfs lzIffnfO { kg' Mlgbl{] zt ugÆ{] (Reorienting Quality Teacher Education Towards Education for All and Education for Sustainable Development) kl/ofh] gfsf ] ;~rfngsf nflu cflys{ ;xofu] h6' fOlbPsfdf hfkfgsf ] lzIff, ;:+ sl[ t, vn] sb" , lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfnonfO { ljzi] f wGojfb lbg rfxG5f +} . Pl;of–kz| fGt Ifq] df ;dfjz] L lzIfs lzIff ;l' glZrt ugs{ f nflu o; sfon{ ] k¥' ofpg ] kmfObfsf ] nflu pxfxF ¿n ] uge{' Psf ] of ] ;xofu] sf ] xfdL ljgdt| fkj" s{ vn' f lbnn ] ;/fxgf u5f F{} . u ljifo–;r" L kl/ro========================================================================================================================== ! kf7o\ qmd eGgfn ] s ] al' emG5 < ========================================================================================== ! lsg kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIff kf7o\ qmd dxŒjk0" f { k/} jL d2' f ags] f ] 5 <============================ ! rg' ft} L–! M ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIff kf7o\ qmdsf ] cleGg cËsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug {' ============================================================================================== # cj:yfsf ] ljZni] f0f========================================================================================================== # k/} jL p2Z] ox¿ ============================================================================================================= % rg' ft} L–@ M ljzi] f cfjZostf lzIffaf6 ;dfjz] L lzIffsf ] ax[ t \ bzg{ tkm{ nDsg ' ===================== & cj:yfsf ] ljZni] f0f==========================================================================================================& k/} jL p2Z] ox¿ ============================================================================================================= ( rg' ft} L–# M l;4fGt / cEof;aLr plrt ;Gtn' g sfod ug '{ ============================================== !! cj:yfsf ] ljZni] f0f======================================================================================================== !! k/} jL p2Z] ox¿ ======================================================================================================== !# rg' ft} L–$ Mkf7o\ qmd ljsf; / sfofG{ jogdf Ifdtf / bIftfsf ] ljsf; ug {' =========================== !& cj:yfsf ] ljZni] f0f=========================================================================================================! & k/} jL p2Z] ox¿ ======================================================================================================== !* rg' ft} L–% M kj' fu{ x| , c;dfgtf, ljeb] Ls/0fsf cEof; / ?l9jfbL wf/0ffnfO { rg' ft} L lbg ' ================ @ ! cj:yfsf ] ljZni] f0f ======================================================================================================== @! k/} jL p2Z] ox¿============================================================================================================= @@ k/} jLn ] ;sf/fTds ke| fj kf/s] f ] s/' f s;/L eGg ] < ============================================================ @# cg;' r" L====================================================================================================================== @$ # k/} jL lgbl{] zsf # or/lk …kf7o\ qmdÚsf af/d] f tof/ ul/Psf ] of ] k/} jL lgbl{] zsf ljleGg % j6f lgbl{] zsfdWo ] Ps xf ] hg' ;dfjz] L lzIfs lzIffsf ] kj| wg{ df ;dlkt{ 5 . o;nfO { Psn ¿kdf jf cGo rf/ k/} jL lgbl{] zsfx¿M -kl/ro, gLlt, ;fduL| / ljlw_ ;uF ;o+ Q' m jf PsLst[ ¿kdf ko| fu] ug { ;lsG5 . o; lgbl{] zsfn ] kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIff kf7o\ qmddf /xs] f afwf / rg' ft} Lx¿nfO { hf8] lbPsf ] 5 . dV' otM o;n ] lzIfs lzIff ;:+ yfx¿, lzIff dGqfno / cGo lzIffsf dV' o ;/fs] f/jfnfx¿nfO { ;dfjz] L kf7o\ qmdsf ] ;dfofh] g, ljsf; / sfofG{ jog ug { /0fgLlt / ;dfwfgx¿ lbPsf ] 5 . kf7o\ qmd eGgfn ] s ] al' emG5 < o; k/} jL lgbl{] zsfdf kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfsnfO { l;sfpg ] p2Z] on ] xfdL kf7o\ qmdsf ] af/d] f s/' f ub5{} f F} . lzIfsx¿n ] ljBfnodf k9fpg ] kf7o\ qmdsf af/d] f eg ] s/' f ubg{} f F} . kf7o\ qmd eGgfn ] l;sfO cge' jx¿nfO { ;u+ l7t tyf qmda4 u/L ljlzi6 l;sfO pknlAwx¿nfO { xfl;n ug {] dfWod xf ] eGg ;lsG5 . o;n ] s ] l;lsG5 eGg ] s/' fnfO { lgbl{] zt ub5{ / l;sfOsf ] ;xhLs/0f lsg / s;/L ul/G5 eGg ] :ki6 kfb5{ . kf7o\ qmdn ] ;dfh, /fhgLlt / ljBfno÷lzIfsx¿aLrsf ] ;DaGw kl| tljDag ub5{ . t;y,{ ;dfjz] L kf7o\ qmdsf ] ljsf;n ] ;dtfdn" s / eb] efj/lxt ;dfhsf ] ljsf; ug {] OR5fnfO { kl| tljlDat ub5{ . 1 o; k/} jL lgbl{] zsfdf kf7o\ qmdsf ] ;Gben{ fO { ;dfjz] L lzIfs lzIff;uF ;Da4 u/L 5nkmn ul/Psf ] 5 . o;n ] lgDg s/' fdf Wofg lbg5] M  ;dfjz] L kf7o\ qmd M lzIfs lzIffdf ko| fu] ePsf kf7o\ j:tx' ¿ / ljlwx¿ ;dfjz] L lzIffaf/ ] :ki6 ;Gbz] lbg ] ;dfjz] L Pjd \ l;sf? sl] Gbt| bl[ i6sf0] fx¿sf ] ko| fu] tyf l;sf?sf rfxgf / cge' jx¿kl| t nrstf ckgfO { tL kl| t hjfkmbx] L 5g \ eGg ] ;l' glZrt ug { .  Kff7o\ qmd ljsf;df ;dfjz] L bl[ i6sf0] fM lzIfs lzIff kf7o\ qmd ljsf;sf ] kl| qmof ;dfjz] L / ;xeflutfTds xg' s' f ;fy } ljleGg ;/fs] f/jfnfx¿sf ] bl[ i6sf0] fnfO { -pbfx/0fsf nflu M lzIfs, ljBfyL,{ ljzi] f1, cleefjs / k?' if Pjd \ dlxnf ;xofu] L, ckfËtf ePsf jf gePsf, cNk;ªV\ os jf axe' flifs ;dx" , ;x/ / ufp F Pjd \ o:t } cGo_ ;l' glZrt ug { . lsg k"j{;]jfsfnLg lzIfs lzIff kf7\oqmd dxŒjk"0f{ k}/jL d'2f ag]sf] 5 < dV' otM lzIfs lzIffdf cjnDag ul/g ] kf7o\ qmdn ] kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg sfoq{ mdx¿df lzIfssf ] 1fg, ;Lk, wf/0ff / ;Ifdtfsf ] ljsf; ugs{' f ;fy;fy } ljBfyLx{ ¿;uF tbg¿' k ul/g ] Jojxf/df ke| fj 1 Braslavsky, C. 1999. Cited in: UNESCO.2008. 'Interregional discussions around inclusive curriculum and teachers in light of the 48th International Conference on Education. Ref.2011.5.' Geneva, UNESCO-IBE. 1 ;dfjz] L lzIfs lzIffsf ] k|jwg{ M kf7\oqmd kfb5{ . olb xfdLn ] ;dfjz] L lzIffsf ] kj| wg{ ug {] xf ] eg ] lzIfsx¿n ] cfkm\ gf ] k;] fut ljsf;sf ] klxnf ] lbgbl] v hLjgkoG{ t ;dfjz] L ljlwsf ] lzIf0f / l;sfOdf ko| fu] ug,{ cge' j ug { / To;af/ ] l;Sg ko| Tg ug {' cfjZos 5 . w/] } h;f ] bz] x¿df ;j] fsfnLg lzIfs sfoq{ mdx¿df ul/g ] nufgLsf ] p2Z] o lzIfsx¿sf ] 1fg / Ifdtf jl[ 4 ug {' / ;dfjz] L lzIffkl| tsf ] wf/0ffnfO { ke| fljt kfg {' xf ] . o:tf ] lg/Gt/ k;] fut ljsf;sf ] ;w F} cfjZostf kb5{ tfls ;dfjz] L kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIffdf kxrF' gePsf lzIfsx¿nfO { ;xofu] ug { ;lsof;] \ / ;a } lzIfsx¿df ;dfjz] L lzIffsf ] lg/Gt/ ;w' f/sf nflu kl| ta4tfsf ] jl[ 4 ug { ;lsof;] \ . tyflk kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg / ;j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIff sfoq{ mdaLr ;Gtn' g Nofpg h?/L bl] vG5 . o;af6 dV' o lzIfs lzIff sfoq{ mddfkm{ t kf| /lDes l;sfO / ttk\ Zrft \ xg' ] k/" s l;sfO -;j] fsfnLg_ sf kf7o\ qmdaLr ke| fjsf/L ld>0f Nofpg ;lsG5 . lzIfs lzIff ;:+ yfg jf kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIff kf7o\ qmddf ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { ;dfjz] ug { ul/g ] k/} jLnfO { ;dfjz] L lzIfftkm{ a9g\ ] clgjfo { sbdsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . t/ klg kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIff kf7o\ qmddf ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { /fVg ] cfJxfg u//] dfq } kU' bg} . o;sf nflu kf7o\ qmd;uF ;DalGwt 2 w/] } rg' ft} Lx¿nfO { ;Dafw] g ugk{' b5{ . o; lgbl{] zsfsf afsF L efux¿df xfns } cg;' Gwfgaf6 klxNofOPsf dV' o rg' ft} Lx¿sf] af/d] f Wofg lbg5] f F} . oL rg' ft} Lx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g \ M  ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { lzIfs lzIff kf7o\ qmdsf ] cleGg cªu\ sf ¿kdf glnO { Pp6f 5§' } cªu\ sf ¿kdf lnOg ' .  ;dfjz] L lzIff kf7o\ qmdsf cªu\ x¿n ] k0" f { ¿kdf ;dfjz] L lzIffsf ] JofVof gu/L ;ªs\ l' rt ¿kdf ljzi] f cfjZostf / ckfªu\ tfdf dfq hf8] lbg ' .  ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { cEof; sl] Gbt| ke| fjsf/L kf7o\ qmddfkm{ t eGbf l;4fGt sl] Gbt| kf7o\ qmddfkm{ t kb| fg ug {' .  kf7o\ qmdljb \ / lzIfs kl| zIfsx¿df ;dfjz] L lzIffsf ] bIftfsf ] cefjsf sf/0f dV' o lzIfs lzIff kf7o\ qmddf ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { PsLst[ ug ]{ ;DefJotfnfO { afwf k¥' ofpg ' .  lzIfs lzIff kf7o\ qmdsf kf7o\ j:t ' / ;/+ rgfdf eb] efj, ?l9jfb / kj" fu{ x| h:tf ;d:of /xg ' . k/} jLsf oL / o:t } sfox{ ¿df cfkm\ gf ] ljlzi6 ;Gbed{ f pAhg ] rg' ft} Lx¿sf ] vfh] L ug '{ h?/L 5 . ;fy } ckl] Ift kl/jtg{ x¿df hf8] lbg ' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 eGg ] yfxf kfpgk' b5{ . oxf F pNnv] ul/Psf ] hfgsf/L ;dfjz] L lzIfs lzIff kf7o\ qmdsf nflu lgbz{] g dfq xg' \ clgjfo { zt { eg ] xfO] gg \ . 2 For instance: (i) Forgacs, R. 2012. Strengthening Teacher Education to Achieve EFA by 2015. How are student teachers prepared to adopt inclusive attitudes and practices when they start teaching? Synthesis and analysis of the reviews of pre-service teacher education systems in Bangladesh, Combodia, China, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Nepal, Thailand and Viet Nam (2008-2011). Bangkok, UNESCO; and (ii) the Enabling Education Network (EENET) has been supportin World of Inclusion to carry out a mapping of teacher education in relation to children with disabilities as part of the United Nations 'children's Fund (UNICEF) Rights, Education, and Protection (REAP) Project which aims to enhance education and child protection systems so that they sensitive, responsive and inclusive of children with disabilities. This mapping process has revealed many issues relevant to advocacy around inclusive education in pre-service teacher education . 2 k/} jL lgbl{] zsf # !– Lt}fg'r gLnfsfj];–{j"k {OfnfIzl Lz]jfd; ]fsËc gGelc sP ]fsfIzl sfIzl {'gu ;fsjl fdk? cj:yfsf ] ljZni] f0f ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { cS;/ ky[ s zLifs{ sf ¿kdf lnOg ' . w/] h} ;f ] kl/l:yltdf lzIfsx¿n ] ;dfjz] L lzIffsf af/d] f cfˆgf ] kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg sfoq{ mdx¿sf ] bf/} fg ;xh } l;ss] f ] kfObF g} . g t of ] dn" lzIfs lzIff kf7o\ qmdsf ] cz+ g } ePsf ] kfOG5 . hxf F lzIfs lzIff ;:+ yfx¿df ;dfjz] L lzIffsf ] tflnd lbOG5 Toxf F ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { leGg kf7o\ j:ts' f ¿kdf lbOG5 -h;nfO { ljzi] f cfjZostf lzIff jf ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO { lbOg ] lzIffsf ¿kdf xl] /G5 – rg' ft} L @ klg xg] x{' f;] _\ . o; } u/L ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { Pl] R5s ljifo jf kf7o\ j:ts' f ¿kdf lnP/ ljBfyLx{ ¿n ] kf| Kt ug {] pknlAw jf kf| Ktfªs\ df ;xofu] gk¥' ofpg ] ljifosf ¿kdf lnbF f of ] ljifo ljBfyLs{ f ] /fh] fOdf k/s] f ] kfObF g} . o; sf/0fn ] ubf { ;dfjz] L lzIff lzIffleqs } Pp6f 56' 6\ } ljlzi6 ljifo xf ] eg/] 7flgg ] t/ x/s] lzIfsn ] hfGgk} g {] / tbg;' f/ sfd ugk{' g {] ljifosf ¿kdf glnOg ] ul/G5 . o;s } kmn:j¿k lzIfsx¿n ] ljBfnodf cWofkg ubf { l;sf?x¿df bl] vg ] ljleGg ljljwtf ;Dafw] g ug { of t ;Sbg} g \ of t clgR5s' xG' 5g \ . ljBfyLx{ ¿ pd/] , ei] fei" ff, efiff, wd,{ eflifs Ifdtf, lnË, ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ :t/ cflb s/' fx¿df Ps csf;{ uF leGg xg' ;S5g \ h;sf ] sf/0f sIffdf ljljwtf kfOG5 . kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg kf7o\ qmdsf sdLsdhf/] Ln ] ;dfjz] L lzIffsf nflu xg' ] ;j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIffdf e/ kgk{' g {] xG' 5 . w/] h} ;f ] bz] x¿sf ] kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIff sfoq{ mdx¿sf dV' o kf7o\ qmddf ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { lj:tt[ ¿kdf ;d6] g\ ;ss] f ] bl] vbF g} . To;sf/0f ;j] fsfnLg lzIfs lzIff sfoq{ mdn ] ;dfjz] L lzIffaf/ ] lzIfsx¿sf ] 1fg, ;Lk, sl6a4tf / ljZjf;df /xs] f ] b/' L sd ug { vfH] b5 . o:tf …Sofr–ckÚ cyft{ \ …kl5 ;d6] g\ Ú] bl[ i6sf0] fx¿df e/ kg {' sd bIf / ke| fjsf/L 7flgG5 . lsgls kf| /lDes lzIfs lzIffdf ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { ;dfjz] ug {] sfo { ;j] fsfnLg sfoq{ mddf ;dfjz] ug {] sfo { eGbf a9L pkoQ' m / ke| fjsf/L bl] vG5 . gk] fndf ;~rflnt kj" ;{ j] fsfnLg sfoq{ mddf ;dfjz] L lzIffnfO { kofK{ t dfqfdf ;d6] g\ ;lsPsf ] 5g} . 3

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