PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS (1) PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS (2)

109 Pages·2013·3.57 MB·English

PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS (1) PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS (2)

Improved understanding of floodplain fisheries 
Excellent relations with Namibia conservancy and fishing
dynamics -sound biological basis for adaptive committees
management –based on research fishing and 
Fish Protection Areas in Namibia proposed by fishing
project’s monitoring of markets and setting up of communities, approved by Traditional Authority and
catch recording system Regional Council, management plans developed,
Identification of, and obtaining support for, submitted to MFMR for gazetting

numerous research initiatives involving training Good communication and cooperation with tourist angling
of government scientists lodges

 Funding obtained for conservancies to manage Fish
Thorough groundwork in Namibia for Protection Areas, from both donor organisations and local
community management based on conservancy angling organisations and lodges
principles Recommendations for modification to Namibia Inland
Namibia-Zambia Joint Commission fisheries Fisheries legislation (but still needs further input to remove
sub-committee established and supported by excessive gear restrictions and harmonise with new
Zambian Fisheries Act)
project; good communication with DoF Zambia
RESTRICTIONS ON MESH SIZES AND FISHING METHODS
MAJOR ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED IN
(Example of Lake Liambezi Fishery in Caprivi)
MANAGING ZAMBEZI / CHOBE FISHERIES
Recommendation is for 3.5” minimum mesh size for
(and other African inland fisheries!)
gillnets, not the current legal 3” mesh.
Is 3.5” the right choice of minimum mesh? Do we have
Major problem in vast majority of African fisheries has enough data to verify that this will give higher yields
been influx of outsiders without ties to local community or than 3” mesh?
interest in long term sustainability.
Leads to uncontrolled overfishing and depletion of stocks,
particularly of larger, slow-maturing species. Available evidence from other African freshwater fisheries
based on tilapias indicates that mesh size regulations that
Restricting fishing to local community members enables protect tilapias from capture until they reach maturity result
effective control. in optimum catches.
Effective control also allows restrictions on fishing Examples can be given from fisheries in Malawi, one of which
methods, provided agreement is reached by consensus. is briefly discussed here.
LAKE MALOMBE :
TILAPIA FISHERY COLLAPSE LESSONS FOR LAKE LIAMBEZI
ECONOMIC VALUE:
Lake Malombe example shows benefits
14000 Others
Haplochromines of fishery focussed on tilapias. Current
12000 Tilapiines situation on Lake Liambezi (see photo
on right) suggests similar scenario.
10000
Total catch (tons) 68000000 MP3.r5Ao”Nt:Ne AtcohGt e gtEsiilMlealn pEteaiNatr sTgm euPetn RsitmhIiOle mmRsa IabTttueIuEtrrweSit e:fy ie s:n–h e2s” wanhde n
4000 growing at fastest rate in their life cycle,
having survived heavy natural mortality
2000 experienced by fry and small juveniles.
No seines (dragnets): ‘nkacha’ nets
0 on Lake Malombe, destroyed economic
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Catch 1976 -2001 value of fishery.
4
NEW RESEARCH RESULTS
SCALE AND VALUE OF
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
THE CAPRIVI FISHERIES
Results of recent research unequivocally demonstrate
need to increase minimum mesh size for gillnets to at least Project sponsors and assists data collection on Caprivi
90mm (3.5”) (but preferably even larger –95 mm (4”)) fisheries.
Same recommendation for Upper Zambezi, Kavango, Results show value much greater than earlier estimated:
Chobe and Kwando Rivers and also Lake Liambezi.
Summary of catch and value for the fisheries of the Caprivi Floodplains
and Lake Liambezi for the year 2011.
Research findings also promote increased number of Fish
Protection Areas to create networks of such areas to Area Annual catch Value (N$)
benefit all areas of the fisheries. Caprivi floodplain, Namibia 2,900 tonnes 58 million
Caprivi Floodplain, Total 5,000 tonnes 100 million
Lake Liambezi 1,700 tonnes 34 million
Total 6,700 tonnes 134 million
CURRENT PROJECT ACTIVITIES CURRENT AND PROPOSED
ACTIVITIES
In Namibia:
In Zambia:

Continue to assist conservancies/committees to establish 
and develop management plans forfish protection areas Agree harmonised regulations between Zambia and
 (FPAs).  Namibia, particularly on destructive gears.
Ensure revised regulations are gazetted in parliament to ban Promote communication/joint operations between fisheries
 most destructive fishing gears.  departments in Zambia and Namibia.
Guide communities to establish their own rules for their Cooperate with Fisheries Department in Sesheke and with
 particular water bodies.  Western Province regional officer in Mongu.
Assist MFMR in extension and environmental education to Assist Fisheries Department in strengthening
ensure communities understand and agree their roles in  communication with fishing communities.
 managing the resources. Explore role of Royal Establishment in assisting with
Assist MFMR in developing capacity for management –  strengthening community participation in management
currently several research projects linking MFMR with Explore potential role of existing natural resource
SAIAB and UNAM. committees (set up for wildlife) in managing fisheries
resources also.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION NETWORKING
PROJECT:
THE FUTURE
Partners
EUROPEAN COMMISSION NETWORKING Namibia Nature Foundation
PROJECT: Government Fisheries Department, Zambia
Okavango Research Institute
Project Title: Community-based management of river and University of Namibia
floodplain fisheries in Namibia, Zambia, and Botswana, contributing
to environmental conservation and to improve socio-economic Associates
benefits and food security, especially for women, children and the
rural poor through capacity building and the development of regional
and International networking platforms Kavango-Zambezi TransfrontierConservation Area (KAZA)
University of Hull International Fisheries Institute (Professor I.G.
Cowx)
Project Area: Rivers and floodplains in the Upper Zambezi, Chobe
South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
and Okavango catchments in Namibia, Zambia and Botswana
Government Fisheries Department (Botswana, Namibia, Angola)
African Wildlife Foundation
World Wildlife Fund
5
SASSCALResearchProject
Topic: Other Research Projects and Activities
Improved knowledge of aquatic ecosystems supporting
fisheries, development of integrated strategies for
sustainable fisheries and improved fisheries management Go Green Fund –completed project and new
Project leaders: proposal, NNF with SAIAB
Namibia Nature Foundation
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (and
NRF funded collaborative research-SAIAB and
neighbouring country fisheries departments)
UNAM, with MFMR staff also
University of Namibia
SAIAB (NRF)
SAREP SAREP collaboration–mainly Kavango system
WWF (Namibia and Zambia)
Potential collaboration with SADC NEPAD programme ICEMA Project –NNF with SAIAB
and other identified partners in Germany e.g. University of
Hannover, University of Trier
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

NNF, WWF, MFMR colleagues, on whose behalf we present this
project overview
The fishing communities of Caprivi
SAIAB, for providing a home base for Denis Tweddle when not in
Namibia, and for its wholehearted commitment (particularly Olaf Weyl) to
the Caprivi research programme
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2012/09/20
AFRICAN CONTINENT
Challenges in Fisheries Rivers and associated lakes support 
Assessment and Management diverse fisheries of enormous 
Senegal R. Niger R. Nile R. economic and livelihood value. 
in the Great Rivers of Africa,
with particular emphasis on Volta R. Congo R. Zambezi highlighted here, but 
the Zambezi River System L. Victoria issues are applicable throughout 
L. Tanganyika Africa. 
L. Malawi
Zambezi R.
Limpopo R.
Orange R.
D. Tweddle1,2, I.G. Cowx3& O.L.F. Weyl1
Zambezi catchment 
1South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
2Integrated Co-management of the Zambezi/ChobeRiver Fisheries Resources Project area ‐8 countries, 
3University of Hull International Fisheries Institute
1.32 million km2.
SUMMARY OF ZAMBEZI FISHERIES CONSEQUENCES OF INADEQUATE DATA
Upper Zambezi ‐floodplains ‐subsistence and semi‐ True value of fisheries not recognised, 

commercial fisheries.  Fisheries Departments poorly‐funded ‐high staff 
Middle Zambezi –subsistence, commercial in lakes  turnover, and 

Kariba,CahorraBassa.  Government priorities can be seriously misguided! 

Kafue tributary ‐floodplain and man‐made lake.
 RESULT ‐FISHERIES COLLAPSES
Lower Zambezi River and delta ‐subsistence, marine 

fisheries offshore on sediment fans.  Governmental failure to deal with open‐access 
Lake Malawi ‐major commercial and subsistence. fisheries and impoverished communities; 

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Failure to optimally manage fisheries; e.g. collapse 
CATCH DATA of variable quality, e.g. Malawi: good 
of valuable tilapiinefisheries in Malawi.
commercial data from 1946, whereas floodplain 
fisheries under‐recorded and unappreciated. 
LAKE MALOMBE, 
14000
SOUTHERN LAKE MALAWI
TO SOUTH OF  12000 Others
LACKolElap MsedA stLocAksW faitI  Total catch (tons)124680000000000000000 KChaammbbuozi FBaUirTly stable yield 4500 THCEOinaatlahgtpfperliosairishncu heelicrssoy mpriinse s TOTAL YIELD Open CwatePr seUineE EFFORT
c“amccKBRmohhcUaaecalaalannomspammnceamplaboabbglsipcugnenooeelezt e.iiffmr!idmsiiossf ”eislhhp slhfneeehaoitdrrcefr yyt to ree.s  yfowmfd  f n‐,oi4at  if0rhhnlitls0i a  g kh‐0<bhaeft4ium‐l r0ivyrta0bty hl0u utetzoe ri .   Value in millions MK07611250500000078 80AreLts taoh82uekr cheee irg84Mehntt a owfl a86oths emM DhfKiaesbY88s1sh9 e0pene90iarot yermtN re90ielxlkciiotoasnv tec92h9r8eeh dfai9s7994h 1feirsy h9964ecr9o9y5s2989ts6 =93 r00eInv e1n9u94e v‐‐rCi‐.aaelIDLentlo.eueacsscarrsel b ioonalvefsien  emsrg pfi onicpss ahett ifcnfhog r, t Yield (X 1000 tons)123451230000000000 BOGHPPSeutaopielaliroe rrsnc nkntehers aTwt ssswraee alit niwenerle sse ines BSLGPeoPteuanialrrlcgin srnhl eitn Ter seastreaewiwnilnele
koaf morbiguizniafli sfhisehreyr wy.orth <10%  0 50 10N0um1b5er0 of 2g0ea0rs250 300 350 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
1
2012/09/20
Other Engraulicypris Rhamphochromis
LAKE MALAWI  Oreochromis Dimidiochromis Copadichromis PROBLEMS IN KAFUE RIVER FISHERY
UNEXPLOITEDSTOCKS?SE A(Arm)100 30 24 22 22 18 24 Consistent trends:falling CPUE and fish maximum size.
 80 “Fishing down“ process, i.e.
unPeexrcpelopittieodn ss toofc ks often  Percent 4600 slopsesc oiefs l.arger individuals, especially higher value cichlid 
based on poor data. change in species composition and size of fish.
 20 shifts to, preponderance of illegal gears ‐smaller mesh sizes. 
pelagic “ncheni”, large 
0
Mar/Apr May/Jun Jul/Aug Sep/Oct Nov/Dec Jan/Feb
proportion of “usipa” and 
“utaka” light attraction  (B)100 38 28 23 28 9 29
SW Arm 
fishery in Lake Malawi;   80
cyuierlrde nfot rc wathcohl e≈  lcaaklecu.lated  Percent 4600
20
0
Mar/Apr May/Jun Jul/Aug Sep/OctNov/DecJan/Feb
Bimonthly Period
PROBLEMS COMMON TO MAJORITY OF 
AFRICAN FRESHWATER FISHERIES

Unemployment, hardship, associated with 
population growth.

Mobility –Migrating fishers devastating 
fisheries. 

Population growth = competition for fishery 
resources = high fishing pressure, declining catches, 
disappearance of large valuable fishes.
Caprivi floodplains, Namibia 
Illegal unsound fishing practices threaten rich,  –Fishermen complain about uncontrolled 
illegal fishing by Zambian migrants 
diverse fish communities. ‒ Fishery driven by outside commercial 
Major rivers in region, note complex inter‐ interests 
relationships between rivers and floodplains –Result of recent improved road 
communications in area.
Barotsefloodplain, April,  COMPLEXITY OF RIVER/FLOODPLAIN FISHERIES
2004.  
In addition to clearly  Floodplain fisheries remarkably resilient.
defined floodplain, ~240  Pioneering species adapted to fluctuating environment.
km long, enormous area  Exploit intensively when present.
to north and west of 
floodplain was under 
water.
Barotsefloodplain, 
Zambia 
–Complaints from 
floodplain 
communities about 
loss of traditional 
control over lagoons  BarotseFloodplain
after floods recede 
–Inability to exclude 
migrants with no 
interest in long‐term 
sustainability.
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2012/09/20
LAKE LIAMBEZI FISHERY DEVELOPMENT
OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS

Pioneering species only one component of river/ 
floodplain fisheries.  Liambezislide
FAO Technical Paper “Management, co‐management 
or no management? Major dilemmas in southern African 
freshwater fisheries” –case studies generally well‐
balanced, but Abstract  ignores complexities –looks only at 
yields. February 2010 November 2010

Need alternative exploitation scenarios for more 
valuable species. 
NotMSY based on “balanced exploitation” of entire fish  Fishery in 2009  Fishery in late‐
dominated by  2010 
population.
 clariidcatfishes  dominated by 
Larger species economically valuable ‐food fisheries  with few  tilapiine
and recreational angling tourism. cichlids cichlids

Optimise economic benefits for fishing communities.
LAKE LIAMBEZI, NAMIBIA RECREATIONAL ANGLING TOURISM
Fishing communities assumed management responsibility, 

supported by MFMR and Fisheries Project. Major tournaments, e.g. Zambezi Classic in Caprivi.

Inject money into local economy.

Tourist lodges source of employment.

Lodge employees as much part of fishing  economy
as fishermen.

 Conservancies recognise value of tourism,
Managed as tilapia fishery, fishermen register, mesh  ‐
entering partnerships with lodges / clubs,
size limits, ban on active gears. 
‐
 creating reserves to protect fish stocks earns 
Catch ~ 1700 t in 2011 after being dry from 1980s until 
2009. revenue from catch & release angling.

Agreed rules more suited to fishery than government 
regulations.
Caprivi FPAs COMMUNITIES NEED MANAGEMENT 
SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE

Communities capable of managing fishery 
SikungaChannel 
resources.
protected area

Legislation recognises need for co‐management.

Inertia by government ministries must be 
overcome.

Fisheries Departments (financial & human 
resources) to support communities in management. 

Quality of data collection must be improved.
KasayaChannel 
protected area
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2012/09/20
BALANCED ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO  BALANCED ECOSYSTEM APPROACH 

MANAGEMENT OF ZAMBEZI FISHERIES Recognise vital role of fisheries in rural 
Ecosystem includes legitimate human aspiration towards improved livelihoods. livelihoods. 
Maximising yields through “No Management” at expense of optimum economic returns  Recognise livelihoods include all dependent 
seriously misguided.
Balance intensive exploitation for food against high economic value (food, tourism) of larger  on fish stocks, e.g. tourism sector.
fishes. 
Establish protected area networks for breeding stocks ‐fee‐paying catch & release angling.  Recognise full value of inland fisheries 
Example of Caprivi floodplains  ‐move away from food basket policy to maximise 
Improved data collection & management, information dissemination. social gains. i.e. employment, livelihoods, wealth 
New conservancies focus for management for benefit of all stakeholders.
Conservancies readily accept ideas for improving livelihoods. and well being rather than poverty alleviation 
CLeosnssoenrsv alenacriense dp oatpepnlticiaalb tloe  rtehsrtoourgeh poruet‐ cAoflroicnaia.l local fishing rights. and food security.
Competing interests for water usage
Fisheries low on priority list.
Proposed irrigation schemes threaten floodplain fisheries, Victoria Falls flow rate (hence 
tourism), hydroelectricity generation, and elephants.
Mozambique fortunately vetoed proposal to dredge Lower Zambezi channel.
Me quick thumbsuckof total zambezi
IN CONCLUSION::
recorded versus likely true yield

Proper quantification of the value of 
freshwater fisheries to local economies and 
food security throughout the Zambezi Basin 
(and the rest of Africa) will demonstrate their 
high value.

Fisheries should be given highest priority in 
planning allocation of scarce water resources.
SOUTH EAST ARM
OF LAKE MALAWI
From 1940s, SE Arm chambo
fishery supported 5000 tonnes
pa fishery shared between (A)
commercial scale open water
ringnettingand midwater
trawling, and (B) artisanal
gillnet fishery with 3.75”
minimum mesh gillnet
regulation.
Catch data from beginning of
commercial fishery showed
excellent relationships
between catches and total
effort, and also influence of
changing environmental
conditions.
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2012/09/20
WHO ARE WE?
International Research Organizations ‐One of the 15 
CGIAR Centres [the only one working on fish]
WorldFish Center in the SADC Region:‐A   Our Mission
Scientific Partner for Sustainable Fisheries  To reduce poverty and hunger by improving fisheries and 
aquaculture.
Development  Our Vision
To be the science partner of choice for delivering fisheries 
and aquaculture solutions for developing countries.
Tabeth Matiza Chiuta
WorldFish Center –Africa Regional Director Focus of Work –Research in Development for improved small 
scale fisheries and aquaculture in under developed regions –
[including Zambezi River Basin]
A presentation made at the Zambezi Basin Fisheries Stakeholder Workshop
27‐30thAugust, 2012,  Kasane, Botswana
Our Research Focus WorldFish Center‐Engagement in the SADC Region 
Focal Area Key research question
Climate  Operating in the region for more than a decade
Change  How will climate change affect fisheries and 
Vulnerability  aquaculture in developing countries and  Engagement in Malawi
Reduce poverty and  and  how can adaptive capacity be built? 
Adaptation  resilient small‐scale fisheries management
vulnerability through 
fisheries and aquaculture.  vaImluper cohvaeidn s viHmaolpuwae cc ctah noa fwi naeqs  ui tmaocpiunrloctvureerea in saepn utdht  feai sndhdee voreiuelotsp?pumt ent  pderovdeulocptimvee nIAt Ao fs ySsMteEm asquaculture sub‐sector
Nutrition and  How can investments in fisheries and  Engagement in Mozambique 
health aanqdua hceualtltuhr?e best improved human nutrition  productive IAA systems in Angonia District  for improved livelihoods
Saunsdt aniuntarbitliyo nin scerecuasriet yfo od  Geenqdueirt yand  imHnoeawqrgu icnaalanitl iysz teardne dnfi gspthoh vdeeenrpitneyg?n tdheen rti pghetospolef  reduce  Engagement in DRC 
Inland fisheries of Congo River Basin focusing on livelihoods and 
tahqruoaucguhlt fuisreh.e ries and  aSquustaaciunlatbulree   eHcoowlo gdioca wl ree isnilcierenacsee a pnrdo dduecvteilvoitpym, ent  management]
technologies impact of aquaculture?
Policies and  What policy and management investments 
practice for  fwisihll einricerse aansed  tihnecr reeassileie tnhceeir o cfo snmtraibllu‐stcioanle t o 
resilience reducing poverty and hunger?
3
WorldFish Center‐Engagement in the SADC Region  Current Project Portfolio 
Engagement in Zambia Managing for Resilience: Strengthening Co‐Management 
Fisheries & HIV/AIDs and Value Chains of Shared Fisheries Resources in the 
Fish & nutrition security Zambezi Basin
Policy
fisheries management
sustainable aquaculture production Lake Chilwa Basin Climate Adaptation Programme [Royal 
Regional Engagement  Norwegian Embassy ]
AU/NEPAD –involved in the establishment of PAF •Goal: To secure the livelihoods of 1.5 million people in the Lake 
COMESA –Fish trade and Climate Change Chilwa Basin and enhance resilience of the natural resource base
FARA (ASARECA) –Aquaculture production Partners‐LEAD Southern and Eastern Africa, Forestry Research 
SADC –governance/policy; Sustainable aquaculture production 
Institute of Malawi;  Local CommunitiesDept. of Forestry of 
Malawi
1
2012/09/20
Current Project Portfolio  Current Project Portfolio 
BMZ‐GTZ ‐Enhancing adaptive  Strengthening aquatic resource governance: Institutional innovation to build 
capacity to climate change  livelihood security and reduce conflict in the Lake Victoria, Lake Kariba, and 
Tonle Sap/Lower Mekong ecoregions [BMZ]
impacts through well‐managed 
water use for aquaculture 
Objective: to strengthen the capacity for collaboration among producer 
integrated with small‐scale 
organizations and other civil society groups, governments, and private sector 
irrigation in the Chinyanja  actors to address the sources of resource competition, and develop 
Triangle in Africa (Malawi,  governance arrangements that manage future resource competition 
Mozambique and Zambia). equitably.
Partners‐International Water Management 
Partners:
Institute (IWMI), University of Osnabrück’s 
Institute of Environmental Systems Research  Adelphi Research, Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization, Uganda Makerere Institute 
(USF), & National agencies from Malawi,  for Social Research, Uganda ; Department of Fisheries, Zambia; Center for Applied 
Mozambique and Zambia Social Science, University of Zimbabwe; Fisheries Administration, Cambodia
Cambodia Development Resource Institute
WorldFish Center  ‐Core Competencies New Focus of Our Work
•Facilitating partnership research  Harnessing the development potential of 
•Stock assessment
aquatic agricultural systems for the poor and 
•Databases for management of aquatic resources
•Watershed approach to aquatic resources management vulnerable –with a bias on freshwater ecosystems 
•Institutional analysis for governance of aquatic resources [& small scale coastal fisheries] –[AAS CRP]
•Development and evaluation of small holder focused 
More Meat, Milk and Fish by and for the Poor –
aquaculture technologies
•Aquaculture & fish genetic improvements focus on small scale and large scale commercial 
•Methods for developing improved fish strains;  aquaculture production to increase the supply of 
•Socioeconomic research including institutional and  fish [CRP 3.7]
governance analysis of the fisheries sector in developing 
countries
Harnessing the development potential of aquatic 
agricultural systems for the poor and vulnerable
What is an aquatic 
AAS CRP agriculture system?
• those farming, fishing and herding systems where the annual production 
dynamics of natural freshwater and/or coastal ecosystems contribute 
significantly to household livelihood, including income and food security.
• These include major wetlands, floodplains and deltas, and most coastal 
systems.
• Zambezi River basin–target basin for the programme
• Zambia–Pilot Country 
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2012/09/20
Key Research Themes Luapula ‐
Chambeshi
System
Barotse 
Floodplain 
System
Kafue Flats
AAS CRP AAS CRP - Barotse
System Characteristics Development Context
Barotse Floodplain fisheries with seasonal 83% below poverty line.
Floodplain transhumance between floodplain and 53% stunted children <5 yrs.
uplands. Cattle on seasonal pasture. 15% HIV prevalence.
Crops: rice, maize, sorghum, millet and Gender inequities.
cassava. There are forestry resources and some 
horticulture.
Kafue Flats Floodplain fisheries, aquaculture and cattle on  73% below poverty line.
communal pastures. Irrigated commercial crop  18% HIV prevalence.
production with out‐grower schemes. Gender inequities.
Maize is the main food crop with horticulture close 
to main towns.
Luapula‐ An area of extensive swamps and wetlands  79% below poverty line.
Chambeshi (10,000km²) with lake, river and wetland fisheries.  56% stunted children <5 yrs.
There is small livestock production. 16% HIV prevalence.
Cassava, millet, maize and groundnuts are the main  Gender inequities.
food crops.
AAS Roll Out
Working in Partnership
Stakeholder Consultation
Media PPS BRE PACO
ZFA
CO ‐WP
UNZA
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