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Sustainable Aviation T. Hikmet Karakoc Can Ozgur Colpan Alper Dalkiran Editors Progress in Sustainable Aviation Sustainable Aviation SeriesEditors T.HikmetKarakoc ,FacultyofAeronauticsandAstronautics,EskisehirTechnical University,Eskisehir,Turkey Can Ozgur Colpan , Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University,Buca,Izmir,Turkey Alper Dalkiran , School of Aviation, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey The Sustainable Aviation book series focuses on sustainability in aviation, consid- ering all aspects of the field. The books are developed in partnership with the International Sustainable Aviation Research Society (SARES). They include con- tributed volumes comprising select contributions to international symposiums and conferences,monographs,andprofessionalbooksfocusedonallaspectsofsustain- able aviation. The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and develop- mentinareasincluding,butnotlimitedto: (cid:129) Greenandrenewableenergyresourcesandaviationtechnologies (cid:129) Aircraftengine,controlsystems,production,storage,efficiency,andplanning (cid:129) Exploringthepotentialofintegratingrenewableswithinairports (cid:129) Sustainableinfrastructuredevelopmentunderachangingclimate (cid:129) Trainingandawarenessfacilitieswithaviationsectorandsociallevels (cid:129) Teaching and professional development in renewable energy technologies and sustainability * * * (cid:129) T. Hikmet Karakoc Can Ozgur Colpan Alper Dalkiran Editors Progress in Sustainable Aviation Editors T.HikmetKarakoc CanOzgurColpan FacultyofAeronauticsandAstronautics DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering EskisehirTechnicalUniversity DokuzEylülUniversity InformationTechnologyResearchand Buca,Izmir,Turkey ApplicationCenterIstanbulTicaret University Eskisehir,Turkey AlperDalkiran SchoolofAviation SüleymanDemirelUniversity Keciborlu,Isparta,Turkey ISSN2730-7778 ISSN2730-7786 (electronic) SustainableAviation ISBN978-3-031-12295-8 ISBN978-3-031-12296-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12296-5 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland fi Foundations of Sustainable Aviation: Ef ciency Editorial The aviation industry has become a multidisciplinary specialized pool of targets while the growing travel demand from passengers shapes the airlines, airports, handling agents, and manufacturers. Those elements of the aviation industry have also evolved to the needs of financial and economic factors of operational visions. The pressure for more stabilized companies, with the goal of achieving economic, social, and environmental sustainability, has created “sustainable aviation.” The definition of sustainable aviation has been changed into “a science and knowledge to keep aviation operations and investments in broad requirements of aviation elements,suchasairlines,airports,handlingagents,andmanufacturers”overtime. Ofcourse,the“sustainableaviation”viewpointhasbeencreatedbythedemandfor publicawareness. Wecandefinesomesubsectionsofsustainableaviationasfollows: (cid:129) Maintenance (cid:129) Energy (cid:129) Flight (cid:129) Propulsion (cid:129) Aircraftandengines (cid:129) UAVs (cid:129) Airportsandsustainability Preparing aviation parts takes design thinking and engineering approaches to completethemanufacturingprocess,acollectionofcreativeandfocusedabilitiesto develop in time. Many iterations and creative reasoning bring about complex engineered solutions into the world. Furthermore, the requirements for safety in the air and aviation safety regulations designate much higher standards to the industry, affecting operations in the aviation industry like the production process of the original equipment manufacturer. That is called maintenance, and aviation considers airworthiness due to the maintenance activities before the aircraft is operational. v vi FoundationsofSustainableAviation:EfficiencyEditorial Businessstrategyinaviationmustadoptalong-termapproachtoproductdevel- opment to maximize product features. A significant element of the aircraft’s life cycle, environmental impact, and operational expenses is the maintenance of its engines and other systems. With the advancement of technology and analytical methodologies and the economical use of planes at low prices, manufacturers and enterprises have been compelled to pursue various options. Maintenance strategies andqualitycontrolsystemsthatareeffectivecanhelpextendtheequipment’susable life. The audience will find valuable information in Chap. 7 to get a fundamental approachtoaircraftmaintenanceandsustainability. Furthermore,maintenanceactivitiesforstandardizedtaskscanbemoreefficiently managed. There are many studies to improve the performance of an aviation maintenance organization by keeping airworthiness at a required level. One of the methods is to apply Lean Six Sigma in maintenance organizations to create an effective performance improvement strategy that depends on a collaborative team effort to increase performance by methodically removing waste and reducing vari- anceinamanufacturingprocess.Thestudieshaveshownthat,inparticular,during engine replacement, the re-arranging of maintenance procedures is essential to improve efficiency. Applying the Six Sigma approach during engine replacement on large-body aircraft allows identifying unnecessary maintenance jobs and the possibility for process improvement. The readers can find some valuable visions ofhowaircraftmaintenanceisimprovedinChap.8. Anotherstudyemphasizesthatre-thinkingtheprocessesfromscratchisessential for studying the efficient order of the maintenance organization. Suppose the tech- niques listed in a computerized maintenance management system design are followed throughout the design phase. In that case, asset tag design requirements can aidinthe achievement oflong-term maintenance operations. The study under- linesthatthemaintenancemanagementsystembecomesavaluabletoolfordiscov- eringhighermaintenanceapproaches,suchasproactivemaintenance,whichcanbea career saver for maintenance managers by adequately configuring the database in Chap.1. One of sustainable aviation’s other aspects is the efficient use of energy in the operational phase. Chapter 3 has revealed the results of a hybrid-electric aircraft simulation.Althoughusingenergyinproductioniscrucialfortheenvironmentand competition for original equipment manufacturers’ market, it is a rival factor for airline operations after the initial investment value baseline has been skinned out. Therearemanywaystokeepenergyefficient,butasmalllistcanbe FoundationsofSustainableAviation:EfficiencyEditorial vii (cid:129) Application (cid:129) Storage (cid:129) Investigationoflosses The studies agreed on hybrid propulsion applications, which are applications of the stored energy by forming with components on modeling for two key components: a high-temperature superconducting permanent magnet synchronous motor and lithium-air battery storage. Both could be essential in delivering a clean and efficientenergysourceforpropellinganelectricaircraftinthefuture.Also,theother effects of changing energy storage efficiency have been described in Chap. 5 with theporosityeffect.Increasingtheporosityoftheelectrodeimprovesthereactionof thebattery. Ontheotherhand,theotherelementsoftheaviationindustryhavebeenstatedas the airports, which have seen an intensive energy use in the terminal buildings. Increasingthevalueoftheskycloudinessfactorreducestheoutersurfaceradiation; thus, the heat loss value caused by the radiation and convective heat loss at the airportterminalbuildingisreduced.Conversely,Chap.9discussestheemissivityof theairportterminalsurfaceincreases,asdoesthevalueofradiationandconvective heatloss. Asenergydensityproblemsbecomethefocusofsustainableaviation,itcomesto the fore that aircraft engines are the biggest consumers of hydrocarbons. While researchersarelookingforalternativesustainableenergysupply,theneedforbetter environmentally friendly engines remains another pole of the same target, which pointstoefficiency.ImprovedexergyefficiencyexaminationinChap.4willhelpthe environmentaleffectsfactorsandproposeeffectiveoperations. Flight planning and conditioning may help the efficiency and support the sustainable aviation phenomenon by simply planning better operations. Mathematical models can easily support those operations. According to research, genetic algo- rithms effectively resolve complicated problems such as aircraft sequencing and delays.AnovelstudyontheairplanedelayproblemhasbeenpresentedinChap.6, whichstatesthatmathematicalmodelscouldimproveairportcapacityevenwithout usingliteraryworksinstances. Flight control or interconnected fly configuration can be defined as swarm architecture, which isanother widespread problem researchers focused onin terms ofremotelypilotedairvehiclesoruncrewedairvehicles(UAVs).Duetotherising use of mobile communication technologies in our daily lives, the swarm approach andcontrollingtheUAVswithinthisneedwillberealizedbyofferingvisual,spatial, andground-basedsensors.ItiscrucialtonotethatUAVsarestillatsignificantrisk of colliding. Researchers’ work in Chap. 2 is to ensure coordinated effort and opportunitysharingtoreducerisk. viii FoundationsofSustainableAviation:EfficiencyEditorial We believe that the future will be more efficient in planning energy use and operationalresources.Thisbookisexcellentforfindingopportunitiesforre-thinking inefficientoperations,energyuse,andflightplanning. FacultyofAeronauticsand T.HikmetKarakoc Astronautics,EskisehirTechnical University,Eskisehir,Turkiye FacultyofEngineering,Mechanical CanOzgurColpan EngineeringDepartment,DokuzEylul University,Izmir,Turkiye SchoolofAviation,SuleymanDemirel AlperDalkiran University,Isparta,Turkiye Contents 1 AssetTagDesignPracticesinAirports:ACaseStudy ofCMMSConfiguration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 AlperDalkiran 2 SwarmArchitectureofUAVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 TuncayYunusErkecandChingizHajiyev 3 CurrentStateoftheArtofModellingandSimulation ofPropulsionSystemsforHybrid-ElectricAircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 IsilYazar,RanjanVepa,andFikretCaliskan 4 SustainabilityMetricsforAeroGasTurbineEngines. . . . . . . . . . . . 65 ÖzgürBallı 5 TheEffectofPorosityonPerformanceinaVanadium RedoxFlowBattery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Phil-JacquesAlphonse,MertTaş,andGülşahElden 6 Meta-HeuristicAlgorithmsforAircraftSequencing andSchedulingProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 RamazanKursatCecenandYunusDurmazkeser 7 FundamentalsofSustainableAirlineMaintenance Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 IlkayOrhan 8 LeanSixSigmaApplicationforAircraft MaintenanceProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 TapdigImanov,MelihYıldız,andElifKoruyucu ix