Progress in Surgical Pathology: Volume VIII PDF
Preview Progress in Surgical Pathology: Volume VIII
Progress in Surgical Pathology D VOLUME VIII Progress in Surgical Pathology D VOLUME VIII Edited by Cecilia M. Fenoglio-Preiser, M.D. ProfessorofPathology UniversityofNewMexico,and Director ofLaboratoryServices AlbuquerqueVeterans Administration MedicalCenter Albuquerque,NewMexico Marianne Wolff, M.D. Professor ofClinical SurgicalPathology Columbia UniversityCollegeofPhysicians and Surgeons,and DepartmentofPathology Memorial Hospital Morristown,NewJersey Franeo Rilke, M.D. Director,Division ofPathologyand Cytology TheNationalTumorInstitute Milan,Italy Springer-Verlag BerlinHeidelberg GmbH ISBN978-3-662-12822-0 ISBN978-3-662-12820-6(eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-12820-6 Copyright © 1988Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg OriginallypublishedbyField&Wood,Incin1988. Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition 1988 All Rights Reserved No partofthis publicationmaybe reproduced,storedin a retrievalsystem,or transmitted, in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying,microfilming, recording, orotherwise, without permissionin writingfrom the Publisher. LibraryofCongressCatalogCard Number:80-80334 Contents Contributors vii 1 Diagnostic Uses ofAntibodies toKeratins:AReviewand Immunohistochemieal Comparison ofSevenMonoclonal and Three PolyclonalAntibodies 1 Hector Battifora,M.D. 2 Light and Electron-MieroscopieImmunocytochemicalStudy ofCytoplasmie Immunoglobulinsin Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas 17 Luciano Lombardi,Ph.D.,Gabriella DellaTorre,Ph.D.,Roberto Giardini, M.D., DomenicoDelia, Ph.D.,and Franeo Rilke,M.D. 3 Neuron-SpecificEnolase, Protein S-100, Neurofilaments, Glial FibrillaryAcidic Protein and Vimentin as MarkersforCytodifferentiation in Neuroblastoma 33 D.Schmidt, M.D., W.Keil,and D.Harms,M.D. 4 EnzymeHistochemistry ofSoft Tissue Tumors: AStudy of68Cases 41 Hans RJ.Elbers,M.D.,Paul J.M. Roholl, Ph.D.,and Jan A.M.van Unnik,M.D. 5 Lymph Node Biopsyinthe Diagnosis ofPersistentLymphadenopathySyndrome (LAS)and Acquired ImmunodeficiencySyndrome Related Complex(ARe) 55 Jacques Diebold,M.D.,Josee Audouin,M.D.,AgnesLeTourneau,M.D.,Jean-Pierre Aubert,M.D. 6 AnAtlas ofProstatie Biopsies:Dilemmas ofMorphologie Variance 81 GaryJ.Miller,M.D.,Ph.D. 7 Nuclear Diameter, MitoticActivity,and DNA Content inVarious Lesionsofthe GastrieMucosa 113 F.Borchard,M.D.,A.S.C.Barreto,and P.Pfitzer 8 Prostatie Endocrine-ParacrineCells: RecentFindings and Possible Relationship to Nodular ProstaticHyperplasia and ProstaticNeoplasia 125 P.Anthony di Sant'Agnese, M.D.,and Karen L.de MesyJensen,M.S. 9 NucleicAcidProbe Techniques forthe RoutineSurgieal Pathology Laboratory 139 P.J.M.Rijntjes, W.G.V.Quint,and CJ.Herman,M.D.,Ph.D. 10 Carcinoma inSitu ofTransitional CellEpithelium:Cliniealand Pathologieal Considerations 153 MathildeE.Boon,M.D.,Ph.D.,and E.C.M.Ooms,M.D.,Ph.D. 11 Immunohistochemieal Detection ofProstatieAcidPhosphatase in110Cases of BoneMetastases 169 Christian W.Flisch,M.D.,Marie-Francoise Toccanier,and YusufKapanci v vi Contents 12 Carcinoid(ECLCell)Tumorofthe OxynticMucosa oftheStomaeh:AHormone- DependentNeoplasm? 177 CesareBordi,TizianaD'Adda, Franeeseo Paolo Pilato,and Corrado Ferrari 13 ContributionsofImmunohistochemistrytothe Diagnosis ofSoftTissue Tumors 197 Mark R.Wiek,M.D.,J.Carlos Manivel, M.D.,and PaulE.Swanson,M.D. 14 The EstrogenReceptor-Promotion Hypothesis ofHumanMammaryPreneoplasia 251 Italo Nenei,M.D.,Elizabetta Marehetti,Patrizia Querzoli,and Alberto Bagni 15 Carcinomasofthe BreastwithSignet RingCell and/orSquamousMetaplasia 267 Gianni Bussolati, M.D.,Anna Sapino, M.D.,IsabellaMorra, M.D.,and Bruno Ghiringhello,M.D. Index 279 Contributors Jean-Pierre Aubert, M.D., Service Central d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, "Jacques Delarue" Hotel-Dieu Paris,France Josee Audouin, M.D., Service Central d'Anatomieet Cytologie Pathologiques,"JacquesDelarue" Hotel Dieu Paris,France Alberto Bagni, M.D., IstitutoAnatomia Istologia Patologica, Universitadi Ferrara, Ferrara,Italy A.S.C.Barreto, M.D., PathologischesInstitut,UniversitätDüsseldorf,Düsseldorf,ER.G. Hector Battifora, M.D., Director ofSurgical Pathology, City ofHope National Medical Center, Duarte, California91010 Mathilde E. Boon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pathology, Westeinde Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands F.Borchard, M.D., Ph.D., PathologischesInstitut,Universität Düsseldorf,Düsseldorf,F.R.G. CesareBordi, M.D., InstituteofPathologicalAnatomy,UniversityofParma,Parma, Italy GianniBussolati,M.D.,InstituteofPathologicalAnatomyand Histology,UniversityofTurin,Turin,Italy TizianaD'Adda, M.D., InstituteofPathologicalAnatomy,UniversityofParma,Parma,Italy DomenicoDelia, Ph.D., DivisionofExperimentalOncology,IstitutoNazionaleper10Studio elaCura dei Tumori,Milan,Italy Gabriella Della Torre, Ph.D., Division ofExperimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per 10Studio e la Cura deiTumori, Milan,Italy JacquesDiebold,M.D.,ServiceCentrald'AnatomieetCytologiePathologiques,"JacquesDelarue"Hotel Dieu Paris,France Hans R.J. Elbers, M.D., InstituteofPathology,UniversityofUtrecht, Utrecht,The Netherlands CorradoFerrari,M.D., InstituteofPathologicalAnatomy,UniversityofParma,Parma,Italy w. Christian Flisch,M.D., DepartmentofPathology,Centre Medical Universitaire,Geneva,Switzerland Bruno Ghiringhello, M.D., Institute ofPathological Anatomyand Histology,University ofTurin,Turin, Italy Roberto GiardiniM.D., DivisionofAnatomicalPathologyand Cytology,Istituto Nazionaleper10Studio elaCura deiTumori,Milan,Italy D. Harms,M.D., DepartmentofPediatricPathology,UniversityofKiel,F.R.G. C.J.Herman, M.D., Ph.D., DepartmentofPathologySSDZ,Dein,The Netherlands YusufKapanci, DepartmentofPathology, Centre Medical Universitaire,Geneva, Switzerland W.Keil,DepartmentofPediatricPathology,UniversityofKiel, F.R.G. Agnes Le Tourneau, M.D., Service Central d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, "Jacques Delarue" Hötel-Dieu Paris,France LucianoLombardi, Ph.D., Division ofExperimental Oncology,Istituto Nazionale per 10StudioelaCura deiTumori,Milan, Italy J. Carlos Manivel, M.D., Division of Surgical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology,UniversityofMinnnesotaSchoolofMedicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 ElizabettaMarchetti,IstitutoAnatomiaIstologia Patologica,Universitadi Ferrara,Ferrara,Italy Karen L. de Mesy Jensen, M.S., Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of RochesterMedicalCenter,Rochester, NewYork 14642 GaryJ.Miller,M.D.,Ph.D.,DepartmentofPathology,UniversityofColoradoSchoolofMedicine,Denver, Colorado 80262 IsabellaMorra, M.D., Institute ofPathologicalAnatomyandHistology,UniversityofTurin,Turin,Italy HaloNenci, M.D., IstitutoAnatomia Istologia Patologica,Universitadi Ferrara,Ferrara,Italy vii viii Contributors E.C.M. Doms, M.D., Ph.D., DepartmentofPathology,WesteindeHospital,The Hague,The Netherlands P. Pfitzer, M.D., PathologischesInstitut,Universität Düsseldorf,Düsseldorf,F.R.G. FranceseoPaoloPilato,M.D., Institute ofPathologicalAnatomy,University ofParma,Parma,Italy PatriziaQuerzoli,Istituto Anatomia IstologiaPatologica,Universitadi Ferrara,Ferrara, Italy W.G.V.Quint, M.D., DepartmentofPathologySSDZ,Delft,The Netherlands P.J.M.Rijntjes, M.D., DepartmentofMedicine,CatholicUniversity,Nijmegen,The Netherlands Franeo RiIke,M.D., Division ofAnatomical Pathologyand Cytology,Istituto Nazionaleper10Studioela Cura deiTumori,Milan,Italy Paul J.M.Roholl,Ph.D.,InstituteofPathology, University ofUtrecht, Utrecht,TheNetherlands P. Antbony di Sant'Agnese, M.D., Department ofPathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester MedicalCenter,Rochester, NewYork 14642 AnnaSapino, M.D., InstituteofPathologicalAnatomy and Histology,University ofTurin,Turin,Italy D.Sebmidt, M.D., DepartmentofPediatricPathology,University ofKiel,ER.G. Paul E. Swanson, M.D., Division of Surgical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology,UniversityofMinnesota SchoolofMedicine,Minneapolis,Minnesota 55455 Marie-Francelse Toeeanier, M.D., Department of Pathology, Centre Medical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland Jan A.M. vanUnnik, M.D., InstituteofPathology,University ofUtrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands MarkR.Wiek,M.D.,DepartmentofLaboratoryMedicineandPathology,UniversityofMinnesotaSchool ofMedicine, Minneapolis,Minnesota 55455 1 Diagnostic Uses of Antibodies to Keratins: A Review and Immunohistochemical Comparison of Seven Monoclonal and Three Polyclonal Antibodies Hector Battifora INTRODUCTION ofoneor,in thecaseofneurofilaments,three types of proteins. Keratins, however, are a Considerableprogresshasbeen made inre complex family that contains from 17 to 19 cent years in our knowledge about the pro distinct polypeptides." teins that constitutethe skeletalframeworkof The availabilityofsensitiveand specifican mammalian cells (for a review see reference tibodies to IFs has stimulated numerous im 7). Ofthese proteins, intermediate filaments munohistochemical studies and has resulted (IFs) have been subjected to special scrutiny in many publications about their diagnostic because of their usefulness as markers ofcell applications in surgical pathology (for recent differentiation.'" The diameters ofinterme reviews,seereferences9and 5).Antibodiesto diate filaments are "intermediate" between keratins have demonstrated greater useful those ofmicrofilaments (6 nm) and those of nessas diagnostic tools than have antibodies microtubules(25nm). Intermediatefilaments tootherIFs.1OBecausenumerousantiseraand are composed of five distinct translational monoclonalantibodiesto keratins arebecom products that can be identified by their bio ingavailableand the literature on the subject chemical and immunochemical characteris issomewhat controversial,it isapparent that ticsandgroupedaccording to thetissuesfrom a reviewofthe currentlyavailable antibodies which they were initially isolated: neurofila and a criticalanalysisoftheirdiagnostic uses ments (nerve cells), glial (astrocytes), vimen and limitationsis necessary. tin (mesenchymal cells), desmin (muscle), In the following pages, I discuss some as and keratins (epithelia).' Most IFs are made pects ofkeratin biology that are relevant to a better understanding of the uses of current and future antikeratin antibodies. I then pre Supported byNIH GrantR01-CA37914. sent data on more than athousandneoplasms 2 Battifora studiedoverthe past 4years with a monoclo ies ofrestricted specificity, and their isoelec nal antibody, AEI, to low molecular-weight tric points (PI).14,17 The A subfamily is made keratins. up ofkeratins ofmolecular weights 56.5, 55, The results ofa study comparing three an 54,50,48,46,45,and40 Kilodaltons(K) cor tisera and seven MAbs to keratins, all of responding to numbers 10 and 12-19 of whichare currentlycommerciallyavailable,is Moll's classification. The members of this presented last, along with recommendations family have a relatively acid PI. The B for the optimal diagnostic applications of subfamily, which is composed ofkeratins of these useful tools. 65-67, 64, 59, 58, 56, 54, and 52 K, corre sponding to types 1 to 8 of Moll's scheme, have a relatively basic PI. Except the 40 K (Moll 19)memberofsubfamilyA,all otherA BIOLOGY OF KERATINS keratins have a corresponding member in subfamily B. A keratin filament is composed Keratins are a multigene-coded family of ofa member ofsubfamily A and the corre water insoluble intracellular fibrous polypep sponding memberofsubfamilyB.The mem tides that are present in virtually every true bers of each pair are similarly ranked, by epithelial cel!.2,7.11- 14 The terms cytokeratins molecular weight, within their respective and prekeratins have been used to designate subfamiliesand,ingeneral,obeysimilarrules the keratins that present in cells that are not ofexpression.Forexample,the pairmade up associated with the traditional histologiecon ofthe45 Kand 52Kkeratinsare the smallest cepts ofkeratinization. Thereis,however,no members of their respective subfamilies (if convincing evidence for a distinct biochemi the 40 K, the only nonpaired keratin, is ex cal form ofkeratin or precursor molecule in cluded). This pair is found in significant these cells." Therefore, in this paper,the term amounts only in simple epithelia. The high keratinsis used synonymously with prekera molecular-weight pair, consisting of64 K (B tins and cytokeratins. subfamily) and 55 K (A subfamily), is char High-resolution, two-dimensional gel elec acteristic of corneal epithelium. Other such trophoresis of enriched cytoskeletons per pairs and their tissue distribution are illus formed by Moll and coworkers has shown trated in a model proposed bySun et al. (Fig. that human epitheliacontain up to 19resolv 1).18,14 It is to be noted that, in each pair, the able spots."At least 17oftheserepresentgen Bmemberislargerthanthe Amemberbyap uine keratin species. There is substantial evi proximately 8K. dence based on in vitro studies, as weil as on The lowest molecular-weightkeratin(40K) microinjection of messenger RNA derived ischaracteristicofsimple epithelia and is the from epithelial cells into live epithelial and first to appear in embryonie life.19,20,13,17 The nonepithelial cells, that the various keratin higher molecular-weight keratins may have polypeptides are individually coded and are evolvedfrom thegenes codedfor the simpler, not degradation products of larger keratin low molecular-weight keratins. This hypoth molecules.":" esis is supported by thc fact that within each Usually, a subset of2 to 10keratins is ex keratin subfamily, members with increasing pressed by a given epithelium. The composi sizes are associated with structures ofgreater tion ofthe subset can vary with the cell type, complexity, from simple to stratified squa stage of embryonie development, cellular mousepithelia. growth environment, disease state, and de It is thus becoming apparent that certain gree ofcellulardifferentiation.14,17 rulesgoverntheexpressionofthevariousker Keratins maybe divided into two subfam atins and that these rules are observed, at ilies based on their molecular weight, their least in part, by neoplastic cells. This forms immunoreactivity with monoclonal antibod- the basis for the usefulness ofantibodies to
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