Progress in Nano-Electro-Optics V PDF
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optical sciences M. Ohtsu (Ed.) Progress in Nano-Electro- Optics V Nanophotonic Fabrications, Devices, Systems, and Their Theoretical Bases (cid:0)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4) SpringerSeriesin optical sciences 117 foundedbyH.K.V.Lotsch Editor-in-Chief: W.T.Rhodes,Atlanta EditorialBoard: A.Adibi,Atlanta T.Asakura,Sapporo T.W.Ha¨nsch,Garching T.Kamiya,Tokyo F.Krausz,Garching B.Monemar,Linko¨ping H.Venghaus,Berlin H.Weber,Berlin H.Weinfurter,Mu¨nchen SpringerSeriesin optical sciences TheSpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences,undertheleadershipofEditor-in-ChiefWilliamT.Rhodes,Georgia InstituteofTechnology,USA,providesanexpandingselectionofresearchmonographsinallmajorareasof optics:lasersandquantumoptics,ultrafastphenomena,opticalspectroscopytechniques,optoelectronics, quantuminformation,informationoptics,appliedlasertechnology,industrialapplications,andother topicsofcontemporaryinterest. Withthisbroadcoverageoftopics,theseriesisofusetoallresearchscientistsandengineerswhoneed up-to-datereferencebooks. Theeditorsencourageprospectiveauthorstocorrespondwiththeminadvanceofsubmittingamanu- script.SubmissionofmanuscriptsshouldbemadetotheEditor-in-ChieforoneoftheEditors.Seealso www.springeronline.com/series/624 Editor-in-Chief WilliamT.Rhodes GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering Atlanta,GA30332-0250,USA E-mail:[email protected] EditorialBoard AliAdibi BoMonemar GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology DepartmentofPhysics SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering andMeasurementTechnology Atlanta,GA30332-0250,USA MaterialsScienceDivision E-mail:[email protected] Linko¨pingUniversity ToshimitsuAsakura 58183Linko¨ping,Sweden E-mail:[email protected] Hokkai-GakuenUniversity FacultyofEngineering HerbertVenghaus 1-1,Minami-26,Nishi11,Chuo-ku Sapporo,Hokkaido064-0926,Japan Heinrich-Hertz-Institut E-mail:[email protected] fu¨rNachrichtentechnikBerlinGmbH Einsteinufer37 TheodorW.Ha¨nsch 10587Berlin,Germany Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rQuantenoptik E-mail:[email protected] Hans-Kopfermann-Straße1 85748Garching,Germany HorstWeber E-mail:[email protected] TechnischeUniversita¨tBerlin TakeshiKamiya OptischesInstitut MinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports Straßedes17.Juni135 ScienceandTechnology 10623Berlin,Germany NationalInstitutionforAcademicDegrees E-mail:[email protected] 3-29-1Otsuka,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo112-0012,Japan HaraldWeinfurter E-mail:[email protected] Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen FerencKrausz SektionPhysik Schellingstraße4/III Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen 80799Mu¨nchen,Germany Lehrstuhlfu¨rExperimentellePhysik E-mail:[email protected] AmCoulombwall1 85748Garching,Germany and Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rQuantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Straße1 85748Garching,Germany E-mail:[email protected] Motoichi Ohtsu (Ed.) Progress in Nano-Electro-Optics V Nanophotonic Fabrications, Devices, Systems, and Their Theoretical Bases With122Figures 123 ProfessorDr.MotoichiOhtsu DepartmentofElectronicsEngineering SchoolofEngineering TheUniversityofTokyo 7-3-1Hongo,Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo113-8656,Japan E-mail:[email protected] ISSN0342-4111 ISBN-103-540-28665-9SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13978-3-540-28665-3SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Progressinnano-electro-opticsV:nanophotonicfabrications,devices,systems,andtheirtheoreticalbases/ MotoichiOhtsu(ed.).p.cm.–(Springerseriesinopticalsciences;v.117) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN3-540-28665-9(alk.paper) 1.Electrooptics.2.Nanotechnology.3.Near-fieldmicroscopy.I.Ohtsu,Motoichi.II.Series. TA1750.P752002 621.381’045–dc21 2002030321 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationor partsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,inits currentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer-Verlag.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia. springer.com ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2006 PrintedinTheNetherlands Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typesetting:SPI,Pondicherry,India CoverconceptbyeStudioCalamarSteinenusingabackgroundpicturefromTheOpticsProject.Courtesyof JohnT.Foley,Professor,DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,MississippiStateUniversity,USA. Coverproduction:design&productionGmbH,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:11540205 57/3100/SPI 543210 Preface to Progress in Nanoelectro-Optics Recent advances in electro-optical systems demand drastic increases in the degreeofintegrationofphotonicandelectronicdevicesforlarge-capacityand ultrahigh-speed signal transmission and information processing. Device size has to be scaled down to nanometric dimensions to meet this requirement, which will become even more strict in the future. In the case of photonic devices, this requirement cannot be met only by decreasing the sizes of mate- rials. It is indispensable to decrease the size of the electromagnetic field used as a carrier for signal transmission. Such a decrease in the size of the elec- tromagnetic field beyond the diffraction limit of the propagating field can be realized in optical near fields. Near-fieldopticshasprogressedrapidlyinelucidatingthescienceandtech- nology of such fields. Exploiting an essential feature of optical near fields, i.e., the resonant interaction between electromagnetic fields and matter in nanometric regions, important applications and new directions such as stud- ies in spatially resolved spectroscopy, nanofabrication, nanophotonic devices, ultrahigh-density optical memory, and atom manipulation have been realized and significant progress has been reported. Since nanotechnology for fabri- cating nanometric materials has progressed simultaneously, combining the products of these studies can open new fields to meet the above-described requirements of future technologies. This unique monograph series entitled “Progress in Nanoelectro-Optics” is being introduced to review the results of advanced studies in the field of electro-optics at nanometric scales and covers the most recent topics of the- oretical and experimental interest on relevant fields of study (e.g., classical and quantum optics, organic and inorganic material science and technology, surfacescience,spectroscopy,atommanipulation,photonics,andelectronics). Each chapter is written by leading scientists in the relevant field. Thus, high- qualityscientificandtechnicalinformationisprovidedtoscientists,engineers, andstudentswhoareandwillbeengagedinnanoelectro-opticsandnanopho- tonics research. VI Preface to Progress in Nanoelectro-Optics I am gratefull to the members of the editorial advisory board for their valuable suggestions and comments in organizing this monograph series. I wish to express my special thanks to Dr. T. Asakura, editor of the Springer Series in Optical Sciences and Professor Emeritus, Hokkaido University for recommending me to publish this monograph series. Finally, I extend my ac- knowledgementtoDr.ClausAscheronofSpringer-Verlag,forhisguidanceand suggestions, and to Dr. H. Ito, associate editor, for his assistance throughout the preparation of this monograph series. Yokohama, October 2002 Motoichi Ohtsu Preface to Volume V Thisvolumecontainsfourreviewarticlesfocusingonnanophotonics.Nanopho- tonicshasbeenproposedbyM.Ohtsuin1993,whichisanoveltechnologythat utilizes local electromagnetic interactions between a few nanometric objects andanopticalnearfield.Sinceanopticalnearfieldisfreefromthediffraction of light due to its size-dependent localization and size-dependent resonance features, nanophotonics enables fabrication and operation of nanometric de- vices.Further,ultrahigh-capacityinformationprocessingsystemsarepossible by integrating these devices. However, it should be noted that nanophotonics is not only to realize nanometer-sized optical technology (quantitative inno- vation). It can realize novel functions and phenomena, which are not possible as long as propagating lights are used (qualitative innovation). Producing thequalitativeinnovationisthesignificanceofnanophotonics,i.e.,prominent advantages over conventional photonics. Due to the qualitative innovation, nanophotonics is expected to shift the paradigm of optical industry and mar- ket. Nanophotonics is closely related to quantum optics, atom optics, nanos- tructure fabrication technology, information processing system, and so on. Andforthisrelationship,nanophotonicsexhibitsrapidprogressintheseyears. Toestablishtheoreticalbasesoftherapidlyprogressingnanophotonics,the firstarticlereviewstheoriesforoperationprinciplesofcharacteristicnanopho- tonic functional devices, in which optical near fields play roles of information carriersandcontrolsignals.Dynamicsofthesedevicesarealsostudiedaswell as formulated characteristic interaction between nanometric objects and an optical near field. Thesecondarticleaimsatdescribingtheopticalnear-fieldphenomenaand their applications to fabricate nanophotonic devices. To realize nanometer- scale controllability in size and position, the feasibility of nanometer-scale chemicalvapordepositionisdemonstratedusingopticalnear-fieldtechniques. Further,fabricationandoperationofnanometer-scalewaveguidesaredemon- strated, which are used as conversion devices of the nanophotonic integrated circuits. VIII Preface to Volume V The third article summarizes unique properties of optical near fields, i.e., opticallyforbiddenenergytransferbetweenquantumdots,anti-paralleldipole couplingofquantumdots,andnonadiabaticphotochemicalinteractions.Their applications to nanophotonic devices and nanofabrication are demonstrated. The last article concerns nanophotonic information and communications systems.Theycanovercometheintegration-densitylimitwithultralow-power operation as well as unique functionalities, which are only achievable using optical near-field interactions. Two architectural approaches to these systems are discussed. One is a memory-based architecture which is based on table lookup using optical near-field interactions between quantum dots. Another is one focusing on hierarchy. As an example, a hierarchical memory system is presented. AswasthecaseofvolumesI–IV,thisvolumeispublishedwiththesupport of an associate editor and members of editorial advisory board. They are: Associate editor: Ito, H. (Tokyo Inst. Tech., Japan) Editorial advisory board:Barbara, P.F. (Univ. of Texas, USA) Bernt, R. (Univ. of Kiel, Germany) Courjon, D. (Univ. de Franche-Comte, France) Hori, H. (Univ. of Yamanashi, Japan) Kawata, S. (Osaka Univ., Japan) Pohl, D. (Univ. of Basel, Switzerland) Tsukada, M. (Univ. of Tokyo, Japan) Zhu, X. (Peking Univ., China) I hope that this volume will be a valuable resource for the readers and future specialists. Tokyo, June 2005 Motoichi Ohtsu Contents Theory and Principles of Operation of Nanophotonic Functional Devices S. Sangu, K. Kobayashi, A. Shojiguchi, T. Kawazoe, M. Ohtsu ........ 1 1 Introduction ................................................. 1 1.1 Nanophotonics for Functional Devices ...................... 1 1.2 Inherent Features to Nanophotonics........................ 2 2 Optical Near-Field Coupling ................................... 6 2.1 Theoretical Descriptions of an Optical Near Field............ 7 2.2 Excitation and Transition in a Quantum Dot................ 8 2.3 Optical Near-Field Coupling Between Quantum Dots......... 11 2.4 Summary ............................................... 14 3 Nanophotonic Switch Based on Dissipation Control............... 15 3.1 Dynamics in a Two-Quantum-Dot System with Dissipation ... 17 3.2 Nanophotonic Switch..................................... 25 3.3 Summary ............................................... 28 4 Nanophotonic Functional Devices Using Coherently Coupled States .................................... 30 4.1 Dynamics in a Coherently Coupled Quantum-Dot System..... 33 4.2 Nanophotonic Logic Gates ................................ 39 4.3 Nanophotonic Controlled Logic Gates ...................... 49 4.4 Nanophotonic Buffer Memory ............................. 52 4.5 Nanophotonic Signal Splitter for Quantum Entanglement ..... 55 4.6 Summary ............................................... 57 5 Conclusions.................................................. 59 References ...................................................... 61 Integration and Evaluation of Nanophotonic Device Using Optical Near Field T. Yatsui, G.-C. Yi, M. Ohtsu..................................... 63 1 Introduction ................................................. 63
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