Progress in Botany / Fortschritte der Botanik: Genetics · Physiology · Systematics · Ecology / Morphologie · Physiologie Genetik · Systematik · Geobotanik

433 Pages·1980·14.85 MB·English-German

by  Heinz Ellenberg, Karl Esser, Klaus Kubitzki, Eberhard Schnepf, Hubert Ziegler (auth.)

Progress in Botany/Fortschritte der Botanik 42
Progress in Botany
Morphology' Physiology' Genetics
Taxonomy· Geobotany
Fortschritte der Botanik
Morphologie . Physiologie . Genetik
Systematik . Geobotanik
Editors/Herausgeber
Heinz Ellenberg, Gottingen
Karl Esser, Bochum
Klaus Kubitzki, Hamburg
Eberhard Schnepf, Heidelberg
Hubert Ziegler, Mtinchen
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York 1980
With 18 Figures
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-67875-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-67873-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-67873-8
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically
those of translation, reprinting, re·use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means
and storage in data banks. Under §54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use a fee is
payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich.
© by Springer.Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1980.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1980
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement,
that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
2131/3130·543210.
Contents
A. MORPHOLOGY
I. Cytology
a) General and Molecular Cytology. By Dr. ANTHONY W. ROBARDS
1. Techniques .••...••.....•..•....••.•.••...•........•.. 1
2. Cell Walls ••......•......•••.•.....•....••..•.•...•.. 2
a) Polysaccharides and Protein ...••.....•......•..••. 2
b) Primary Cell Wall Growth •...•...••..•..•......•..• 3
c) Cell Wall Encrustation and Impregnation ....••..... 3
3. Plasmalemma .....•.•..........•.........•...•......... 5
a) Membrane Chemistry ...••................•..•...•.•. 5
b) Electron Microscopy of the Plasmalemma .....•.•..•• 6
4. Microtubules and Microfilaments ................•..... 7
a) Microtubules ........•..............•........•..... 7
b) Microfilaments ..............•...•..•....•..•.....• 8
5. Plasmodesmata .................•.•.......•..•••.....•. 9
a) Structure and Distribution ......•..•...••.••.•..•. 9
b) Function of Plasmodesmata •............••...•...•.• 10
6. Cell Wall Synthesis and Orientation •................. 11
References .......•...•............•.......•.....•..•.... 12
b) Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell.
By Professor Dr. GERHART DREWS ••...•.•.......•••.•....•• 16
1. Cell Wall ••••••........•............•..•............. 16
a) External Layers .........•.....................•... 16
b) Cell Wall of Archaebacteria ..........•.......•...• 17
c) Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Cell Walls .......• 17
d) Cell Shape, Cell Division, and Growth of Cell Wall 18
2. Specialized Cells ..•....••...........••..•........... 19
a) Endospores .•........•...•......•...............•.. 19
b) Spores and Heterocysts in Cyanobacteria .•......... 20
3. Flagella and Movements of Spirochetes ...•.......••.. 20
4. Membrane- and Cell Differentiation ...............•... 21
References .......•..••.••..•....•..................•.... 22
c) Special Cytology: Morphology and Morphogenesis of Eukar
yotic Algal Cells. By Professor Dr. GORDON F. LEEDALE •.• 25
1. Organisation of Vegetative Cells, Excluding Nuclei
and Ce 11 Cover ings •......•••................•..•...•• 25
a) Chloroplasts .............•..••.....•....•..•.••... 25
b) Flagella and Flagellar Roots .........•..........•• 26
c) Golgi Bodies (Dictyosomes) .......•........••...... 26
d) Microtubules, Microfilaments ...•.•...........•..•. 27
e) Glands and Gland-Like Cells ....................•.. 27
VI Contents
2. Nucleus and Nuclear Division ........................ 28
3. Cell Coverings, Including Cell walls and Scales ..... 30
a) Cell Walls ....................................... 30
b) Diatom Frustules ................................. 31
c) Scales ........................................... 32
d) Periplasts, Thecae, and Pellicles ................ 32
4. Reproductive Stages ................................. 32
5. Parasitism and Symbiosis, etc. ...................... 34
6. Viruses ............................................. 34
References •......................................•....• 34
II. Morphologie und Anatomie der h6heren Pflanzen: Verglei
chende Morphologie des Vegetationsk6rpers einschlieBlich
der Blliten. Von Professor Dr. WOLFGANG HAGEMANN ........ 37
1. Allgemeines ......................................... 37
2. Meristeme ...............................•........... 38
a) SproBscheitelmeristeme .............•............. 38
b) Randmeristeme .................................... 41
c) Wurzelmeristeme .................................. 42
d) Sonstige Meristeme ..........................•.... 43
3. Blattmorphologie .................................... 44
4. Wurzeln ......•...................................... 45
5. Verzweigung und Wuchsformen ......................... 46
a) Farne .........................•...............••. 46
b) Angiospermen: dikotyle Baume .....•............... 47
c) Krautige Dikotyle ................................ 48
d) Monocotyle ...............•....•.................. 48
6. Infloreszenzen ...................................... 49
7. Blliten .................•.........................•.. 50
a) Allgemeines und Gesamtarbeiten ..•....•........... 50
b) Perianth ..............•....•..................... 51
c) Androeceum •.•.....•........................•..... 52
d) Gynoeceum .............................•.......... 52
Li teratur .............................................. 54
B. PHYSIOLOGY
I. Photosynthesis. Carbon Metabolism: Chloroplast Capabi
lity, and the Uncertain Fate of C02. By Professor Dr.
ERWIN LATZKO and Dr. GRAHAME J. KELLY. With 2 Figures .. 58
1. Introduction .............................•.••....... 58
2. Fixation of CO2 by RuBP Carboxylase ......•.......... 58
a) Movement of C02 to the Enzyme .................... 58
b) The Enzyme: RuBP Carboxylase ........•........•... 59
c) Other Enzymes of the Calvin Cycle ......•...•..... 60
d) Light-Mediated Regulation •.........•............. 61
3. Products of C02 Fixation: A Consideration of Chloro-
plast Capability ..•••..........••.................•. 62
4. Release of CO2 by Photorespiration .................. 66
a) The 02-Uptake Reaction .............•........••... 66
b) CO2-Release Reactions ...•...•.....•..•........... 67
c) Why Do Plants Photorespire? ...................... 68
5. Capture and Recapture of C02 by PEP Carboxylase ...•. 70
a) C4 Metabolism .......•..........................•. 70
b) C4 Pathway •....•....•.......•.....•.....•.....•.. 71
Contents VII
c) Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) ............... 72
References ............................................. 73
II. Metabolism of Carbohydrates. Chemistry, Occurrence and
Biosynthesis of Plant Glycoproteins. By Professor Dr.
GERHARD FRANZ and Dr. DIETER HAASS ..................... 80
1. Introduction ........•.............................•. 80
2. Chemical Structure of Plant Glycoproteins ........... 80
a) Carbohydrate Constituents of Plant Glycoproteins. 80
b) The Protein Part of Plant Glycoproteins .......... 81
c) Types of Protein-Carbohydrate Linkages ........... 82
3. Methods of Extraction and Purification ........•..... 82
4. Biological Significance of Plant Glycoproteins ...... 83
a) Lectins .....•...................•.•.•.••......•.. 83
b) Enzymes .•........................•............... 84
c) Cell Wall Glycoproteins .......................... 86
d) Glycoproteins With Other Biological Significance. 89
5. Biosynthesis of Plant Glycoproteins ........•........ 89
a) General Mechanisms ............................... 89
b) Significance of Lipid-Linked Precursors .......... 90
References .........•.................•................. 91
III. Secondary Plant Substances. Special Topics of Alkaloid
Biosynthesis. By Professor Dr. HORST ROBERT SCHUTTE.
With 7 Figures.................................... .. ... 96
1. Ajmalicine and Related Compounds ..•.......•......... 96
2. Dimeric Indole Alkaloids ............................ 98
3. Carnptothecin ....................•.............•..... 101
4. Ipecac Alkaloids ...•.....................•.......... 103
5. Tylohorine and Related Bases ....•...•.......•.•..... 104
6. Aberrant Alkaloid Biosynthesis ..........•....•...... 104
References ........................................•.... 108
IV. Growth. By Professor Dr. KARL D5RFFLING. With 4 Figures 111
1. Ethylene ............................................ 111
a) Prefatory Remarks ................................ 111
b) Biosynthesis ..................................... 111
c) Stress Ethylene Production ....................... 114
d) Metabolism of Ethylene and Mechanism of Action .,. 115
e) Physiological Role ....................•.......... 117
2. Abscisic Acid ....................................... 118
a) Reviews •....•..................••.........•...... 118
b) Methods of Determination ....•.•.................. 118
c) Biosynthesis and Metabolism ...................... 119
d) Mechanism of Action .............................. 120
e) Physiological Role ......................•..••...• 121
References •...........•...........•.........•.......... 122
V. Developmental Physiology. By Professor Dr. GUNTER
FELLENBERG .•••.•.••.•...........•.....•.........•...... 126
1. Nuclear Proteins and Development ........•........... 126
a) Evolution of Chromosomal Proteins ....•........... 126
b) Chromosomal Proteins and Chromatin Structure ..... 127
c) Cell Cycle and Mitotic Activity in Relation to
Chromosomal Proteins .......•...•................. 1 29
d) Tissue Specifity and Variations in Chromatin ..... 130
VIII Contents
e) Flower and Embryo Development ...•.........•...... 132
f) Seed Germination ..•..........•..............•..•. 132
g) Effects of Environmental and Endogenous Factors
on Chromatin .......•..................•.......... 134
h) Concluding Remarks ...•.•.•....••............•.•.. 135
2. Root Formation ..••.......•.....•....•.....•.....•... 135
a) Origin of Root Formation .........•.....•......... 135
b) Effect of Phytohormones ......•...........•....... 136
c) Effect of Nonhormonal Factors •..•..............•. 137
d) Effects of Environmental Factors .....••..•.•..... 138
e) Mineral Nutrition •...............•...........•... 138
f) Effect of Light .........•....•................... 139
References ..•••...••........•..........•........••....• 139
VI. Bewegungen. Von Professor Dr. WOLFGANG HAUPT ....•.•..•. 143
1. Bewegung der Bakterien ..•.......•...............•... 143
a) Bau und Funktion der BakteriengeiBel ........•.... 143
b) Transduktionsvorgange bei der Chemotaxis der
Bakterien ......•...•........•.................... 144
2. Glei tbewegungen ......................•.....•......•. 145
a) Gleitbewegungen bei fadenformigen Cyanophyceen ..• 145
b) Bewegung der Myxomyceten und ihre Regulierung
durch AuBenfaktoren ................•....•........ 147
3. Bau und Funktion der Eukaryoten-GeiBel •..........•.. 149
4. Steuerung der freien Ortsbewegung durch Licht
(Photomovemen t) ............•..••.•.......•...••..... 1 51
Literatur •......•...•.........................•..... ~ •. 152
C. GENETICS
I. Replication. By Priv.-Doz. Dr. WILFRIED WACKERNAGEL
Wi th 2 Figures ..•...................................... 154
1. Introduction ..•..•....•............................. 154
2. Does DNA Exist in a Structure Different from the
Classical Double Helix? .........•...........•....... 154
3. Initiation of Replication ........................... 155
a) Chromosomal Sites Determining Initiation ......... 155
b) Function of RNA Polymerases ..................•... 156
c) Regulation of Initiation .......•.••.•......••.•.. 157
4. Processes During Replication Fork Movement .......... 159
a) Strand Synthesis (Elongation) .................... 159
b) Unwinding of Parental Strands .................... 161
c) Changes in Tertiary Structure •................... 162
5. Fidelity of DNA Replication ......................... 164
6. Conclusion •.•....................................... 165
Ref erences .........•........•......•.....•............. 166
II. Recombination. Recombinant DNA Research. An Uptate of
Techniques and Results. By Professor Dr. CORNELIS P.
HOLLENBERG ...............................•............. 1 71
1. Introduction ........................................ 171
2. Cloning Systems ..................................... 171
3. E. cori Cloning Vectors ............................. 172
a) Vectors that Carry Two Replication Systems ....... 173
b) Vectors that Allow Inducible Expression of
Inserted Genes .................................•. 173
Contents IX
c) Phage A-Derived Vectors ..............•........... 174
d) Single-Stranded DNA Vectors ...........•.......•.. 174
4. Other Cloning Systems .............•........•.•.•.... 175
a) Other Bacterial Systems ..•.•.....•••.....•...•... 175
b) Yeast System ...•....................•.••.....•.•. 175
c) Plant System ..•...•....•..•.•..........•.•......• 176
d) Animal Cell System .......•.•..•.................• 177
5. Recent Results of DNA Cloning •...........•.•......•. 178
a) Genome Structure ...•..............••............. 178
b) Microbial Expression of Eukaryotic Genes .....••.. 179
c) Yeast •...•................•........•....•.••..... 180
References •...••.••......•.........•..•.........•.•.... 182
III. Mutation. Insertion Mutagenesis. By Professor Dr.
HANS-J. RHAESE .••••....•...•.......•.........•....•..•. 186
1. Introduction •...•.......•......•...........•.•...... 186
2. Definitions ......................•.......•.......... 187
a) Insertion Mutagenesis ...•.............•.......... 187
b) Transposable Elements ..•..............•...•.••... 187
c) Classes of Transposable Elements ......•......•... 188
3. Insertion Mutations in Prokaryotes •..•.•..•....•.••. 189
a) Mutations Caused by IS Elements ......•.•.•....... 189
b) Chromosomal Rearrangements (Mutations) Caused
by Tr ansposons ...•....•..........•.....••........ 191
c) Mutations Induced by Bacteriophage A and P2 ...... 192
d) Mutations Caused by Bacteriophage Mu ••••..•.•...• 192
4. Insertion Mu ta tions in Eukaryotes .............•..... 192
a) Mating Type Interconversion in S. cerevisiae,
an Example of Insertion Mutagenesis •.•••••.•••.•• 193
b) Antigenic Variations in Trypanosomes Are Caused
by Insertion Mutagenesis ....................•..•. 193
c) Evidence for Insertion Mutagenesis in Other
Eukaryotic Systems ...•...............•..•...•.... 194
5. Concluding Remarks ....................•......•...... 194
References .................•...................•..•.... 194
IV. Function of Genetic Material. Structure, Organization,
and Expression of Fungal Genes. By Professor Dr.
FRIEDRICH K. ZIMMERMANN .•.•.•......•.....•.........•... 197
1. The Organization of Fungal Genes .................... 197
2. Structure and Expression of tRNA Genes .............. 197
3. The Structure of Fungal Protein Genes .............•. 198
4. Gene Transposition ....•.....•.....•.........•...•.•. 201
5. Transcriptional Regulation in Fungi •................ 202
6. Osmotic Problems of Large Cells and Their Consequen-
ces for Regulation and Gene Structure ............... 203
7. The Arrangement of Functionally Related Genes ....... 204
8. Genetics of Nitrate Assimilation in Aspergillus nidulans 209
9. Regulation of Enzyme Synthesis and Feedback
Inhibition of Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways ....•. 210
References .....•.........•....••..................•.... 211
V. Extrakaryotic Inheritance
a) General Aspects. By Dr. PAUL TUDZYNSKI and URSULA
VORNBERGER •......•.•...•.••............•.....••........ 21 4
1. Mitochondria ..•....•...................•..•........• 214
X Contents
a) Transmission of Mitochondrial Genes .............. 214
b) Expression and Map of Mitochondrial DNA .......... 215
c) The "Petite" Mutation .............•.............. 218
2. Other Extrachromosomal Genetic Elements ............. 220
a) Plasmid-Like DNA Species ......................... 220
b) Viruses .........................................• 221
c) Genetically Defined Elements without Known
Physical Basis ................................•.. 222
References ............................................. 222
b) Organelle Genes: Intervening Sequences and Alterations
of the Genetic Code. By ELKE PRATJE and GEORG MICHAELIS
With 1 Figure .......................................... 227
1. Introduction ..•....•.........•...................... 227
2. Split Genes ......................................... 227
a) The Gene for the Large Ribosomal RNA ............. 227
b) The Mi tochondr ial Oxi 3 Reg ion of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Coding for Subunit I of Cytochrome c
Oxidase •................•.......•..........•..... 228
c) The Mi tochondr ial Cob Reg ion of Saccharomyces cere-
v,/-swe Coding for Cytochrome b .••..•............• 228
3. Genes Lacking Intervening Sequences ................. 230
4. The Altered Genetic Code of Mitochondria ............ 231
References .•....•.•.........................•.......... 231
D. TAXONOMY
I. Systematics of Bacteria. By Professor Dr. OTTO KANDLER
and Professor Dr. KARL-HEINZ SCHLEIFER. With 1 Figure .• 234
1. Introduction ........................................ 234
2. Nomenclature ....................•...........•....•.. 234
3. Systematics ......................................... 235
a) The Higher Categories ....•...............•....... 235
b) The Lower Categories .............•....•....•..... 238
4. Techniques and Criteria for Classification .......... 239
a) Numerical Taxonomy ...............••.......•...... 239
b) Serology ......................................•.. 239
c) Bacteriophage Typing ............................. 241
d) Chemical Composition of Cell Constituents ......•. 241
e) Genetic Characteristics ....•...................•. 245
References .............................•..•........•... 246
II. Systematics and Phylogenetics of the Algae. By Dr.
DIETER MOLLENHAUER ....•...........•................•... 253
1. Generalities ....................•...•......•.......• 253
a) Standard ................•..•..............•...... 253
b) Procedures of Performed Science .........•...••... 253
c) Literature Tools, Techniques to Control Unlimited
Growth of Published Results ..•..........•.•...... 253
d) Sociology and Customs •....•.................•.•.. 254
e) Theory .....................•...........•..•.•.... 254
f) Concepts, Comparative Studies of General
Importance .......•.......•....•...........••..... 255
g) Methods •.......•................•................ 255
Contents XI
h) Biospecies ....................................... 256
i) Ecology .........................•................ 256
k) Distribution ..........................•.......... 256
1) Benefit from Applied Science ..................... 257
2. Bacillariophyceae ................................... 257
3. Chrysophyceae sensu lato ..•......................... 258
4. xanthophyceae ....................................... 259
5. Dinophyceae ......................................... 259
6. Red and Brown Algae ................................. 259
7. Euglenophyceae ...............................•...... 262
8. Chlorophyta ......................................... 262
a) Further Research in Chlorococcales and Chloro-
sarcinales ....................................... 264
b) Tetrasporales .....•.............................. 265
c) Families with Filamentous Habit sensu latissimo .. 265
d) Siphonous Taxa ....•.............................. 265
e) Conjugatophyceae ................................. 266
References .•...........•..•.....••..••................• 266
III. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Fungi. By Professor Dr.
EMIL MULLER ..................•.............•....•...••. 270
1. General Considerations and Phylogeny ......•......... 270
2. Myxomycetes ....................................•.... 272
3. Oomycetes, Hyphochytr iomycetes ...................... 272
4. Chytridiomycetes ............•..................•..•. 273
5. Zy gomycotina ••...........•................•......... 273
6. Ascomycetes .........................•..•......•..... 275
a) General Aspects .................................. 275
b) Taxonomy .•.•....•.•........•.•.....•..•.........• 277
7. Basidiomycetes .........•.........................•.. 278
a) General Aspects .............•....•..........•.... 278
b) Taxonomy of Homobasidiomycetes .•...........•..... 279
c) Uredinales, Ustilaginales .......•.....••.......•. 280
8. Deuteromycetes ......•.........•..................... 281
References .............•.......................•.•..... 283
IV. Systematik der Flechten. Von Professor Dr. HANNES HERTEL
1. Morphologie ......................................... 288
2. Entwicklungsgeschichte ..............•............... 289
3. Zur Phylogenie von Flechten ............•............ 290
4. System .............................................. 291
5. Floristik ........................................... 296
6. Ausbreitungsbiologie, Arealkunde ......•.•........... 298
7. Soziologie .......................•.................. 299
8. Flechtenchemie ................................•..... 299
9. Sonstiges .............................•............. 300
Li ter a tur ......................•....................... 300
v. Systematik der Bryophyten. Von Professor Dr. WOLFGANG
FREY. Mit 1 Abbildung .••.......••......•......•........ 306
1. Allgemeines ............••........•...•.•....•....... 306
2. Morphologie und Anatomie •..........•................ 306
aj Sporen .......•..................••............... 306
b) Keimung und Protonema ..•.........•............•.. 307