Progress in Botany [electronic resource] : Genetics Cell Biology and Physiology Systematics and Comparative Morphology Ecology and Vegetation Science

557 Pages·1999·61.8 MB·English

by  Esser, K

Progress in Botany 60
Springer
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60 PROGRESS IN
BOTANY
Genetics
Cell Biology and Physiology
Systematics and
Comparative Morphology
Ecology and
Vegetation Science
Edited by
K. Esser, Bochum
J. W. Kadereit, Mainz
U. Luttge, Darmstadt
M. Runge, G6ttingen
, Springer
With 45 Figures
ISSN 0340-4773
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64189-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-59940-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-59940-8
The Library of Congress Card Number 33-15850
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ned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, repro
duction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts
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prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply,
even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
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Cover design: Design & Production, Heidelberg
Typesetting: M. Masson-Scheurer, Homburg, Saar
SPIN 10646109 31/3137 -54 3 2 1 0 -Printed on acid-free paper
Contents
Contents
Review
Chloroplast Movement: from Phenomenology
to Molecular Biology . ................................................. ........ ................... 3
By Wolfgang Haupt (With 3 Figures)
1 Introduction ................................................................................ 3
2 The Period of Phenomenological Research .............................. 4
3 Physiological and Molecular Approach .................................... 6
a) Perception ............................................................................. 7
a) The Photoreceptor Pigment ......................................... 7
/3) Multiple Photoreceptor Pigments ............................... 9
y) Perception of Light Direction ...................................... 12
0) Genetic Approach to the Photoreceptor Problem ..... 14
b) Response: Mechanics of Movement ................................... 15
a) Dependent or Independent Movement? ..................... 16
/3) The Motor Apparatus ................................................... 17
c) Signal Transduction ............................................................. 20
a) Forward Approach:
Early Reactions After Photoperception ...................... 20
/3) Forward Approach: Analysis of Aftereffects .............. 21
y) Backward Approach ..................................................... 24
8) Hypothetical Transduction Chains ............................. 25
4 Concluding Remarks .................................................................. 27
References ........................................................................................... 29
Genetics
Recombination:
Organelle DNA of Plants and Fungi: Inheritance
and Recombination ............................................................................... 39
By Heike Rohr, Ursula Kiies, and Ulf Stahl (With 3 Figures)
1 Introduction ................................................................................ 39
VI Contents
2 Organelle Inheritance .................................................................. 39
a) Mode of Inheritance .............................................................. 40
a) Biparental Inheritance ................................................... 41
(3) Uniparental Maternal
and Uniparental Paternal Inheritance ......................... 49
b) Genetic Control of Organelle Inheritance ........................... 52
c) Nuclear Contribution to Organelle Inheritance ................. 52
3 Recombination of Organelle Genomes ...................................... 59
a) Intraorganellar Recombination ........................................... 59
b) Interorganellar Sequence Transfer ...................................... 66
c) Proteins Involved in Organelle Recombination ................. 67
4 Plasmi ds ........................................................................................ 69
a) Plasmid Inheritance and Horizontal Plasmid Transfer ..... 69
b) Plasmid Recombination ........................................................ 70
5 Conclusions .................................................................................. 73
References ........................................................................................... 73
Mutation:
Nuclear and Plastomic Transformation of Higher Plants
Using Microprojectile Bombardment ................................................. 88
By Christer Jansson and Pirkko Maeni:Ui (With 2 Figures)
1 Introduction ................................................................................ 88
2 Biolostic Transformation - Methodology ................................ 88
3 Biolistic Transformation - Pros and Cons ............................... 90
4 Biolistic Transformation of Plastid Genomes .......................... 92
a) The Plastid Genome of Higher Plants ................................ 92
b Higher Plant Chloroplast Transformation Technology ... 92
c) Current Achievements of Higher Plant
Chloroplast Transformation ............................................... 93
d) Technical Problems and Future Perspectives
of Higher plant Chloroplast Genome Transformation ..... 95
References ........................................................................................... 96
Extranuclear Inheritance:
Genetics and Biogenesis of Mitochondria ............ .............................. 99
By Thomas Lisowsky, Karlheinz Esser, Torsten Stein, Elke Pratje,
and Georg Michaelis (With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction ................................................................................ 99
2 Mitochondrial Genomes ............................................................. 100
a) Arabidopsis thaliana ............................................................ 100
b) Reclinomonas americana ..................................................... 105
3 Mitochondrial Transcription ..................................................... 106
a) Evolution of the Mitochondrial
Transcription Apparatus ..................................................... 107
Contents VII
b) Bacteriophage-Type Core Enzymes
in Mitochondria and Plastids of Higher Plants ................. 108
c) Structural Features of the Core Enzymes ........................... 109
d) Perspectives and New Problems ......................................... III
4 Nuclear Restorer Genes
of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) ........................................ 113
References ........................................................................................... 114
Genetics of Phytopathology:
Phytopathogenic Bacteria .................................................................... 119
By Holger Jahr, Rainer Bahro, and Rudolf Eichenlaub
1 Introduction ................................................................................ 119
2 Extracellular Polysaccharides (EPS) ......................................... 119
a) General Remarks .................................................................. 119
b) Erwinia amylovora ............................................................... 121
c) Erwinia stewartii .................................................................. 122
d) Ralstonia solanacearum ....................................................... 123
e) Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ............................ 124
f) Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis .............. 125
3 Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes ......................................... 126
a) Secretion of Bacterial Extracellular Enzymes .................... 126
b) Cellulolytic Enzymes ............................................................ 126
c) Xylanolytic Enzymes ............................................................ 127
d) Pectolytic Enzymes ............................................................... 128
e) Regulatory Aspects ............................................................... 129
4 Concluding Remarks .................................................................. 130
References ......... ... ............................................................................... 130
Plant Breeding:
Male Sterility in Higher plants -
Fundamentals and Applications .......................................................... l39
By Frank Kempken and Daryl Pring
1 Introduction ................................................................................ 139
2 Male Sterility in Natural and Breeding Systems ...................... 140
a) Anther Development and Nuclear Male Sterility.............. 140
b) Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Male Sterility (eMS) ....................... 142
ex) Maize .............................................................................. 144
~) Sorghum ......................................................................... 147
y) Brassica ........................................................................... 148
0) Phaseolus .................................................................... 150
E) Petunia ............................................. ............................ 150
/;) Sunflower .......................................... .............. ............... 151
11) Other CMS Systems ....................................................... 152
c) Fertility Restoration Genes in CMS .................................... 153
VIII Contents
a) Enigmas of CMS ............................................................ 153
13)
New Clues to an Old Hypothesis ................................. 155
3 Artificial Male Sterility in Transgenic Plants ........................... 156
a) Tapetum/Pollen-Specific Gene Expression ....................... 156
b) A Peptide from a CMS-Related orf
May Cause Male Sterility in Transgenic Tobacco ............. 157
c) Targeting of Unedited ATP9 into Plant Mitochondria ..... 157
4 Conclusions ................................................................................. 158
References ........................................................................................... 159
Plant Breeding:
Genetic Mapping in Woody Crops 167
By Eva Zyprian
1 Introduction ................................................................................ 167
2 The Plants Under Consideration ............................................... 169
3 Mapping and Molecular Markers .............................................. 170
4 Mapping Strategies and Results ................................................ 174
a) Mapping in Backcrosses or the F2 Generation ................... 174
a) Citrus .............................................................................. 174
13) Prunus ............................................................................ 177
y) Vaccinium ...................................................................... 178
b) Mapping with the Double Pseudotestcross Strategy......... 179
a) Apple .............................................................................. 179
13)
Grapevine ....................................................................... 180
c) Mapping in Forest Trees ...................................................... 182
a) Angiosperms .................................................................. 182
13)
Gymnosperms ............................................................... 183
5 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 184
References ................................................................................... ........ 186
Cell Biology and Physiology
Plant Water Relations ........................................................................... 193
By Rainer Losch
1 Cell and Tissue Water Status and Its Influence
upon Metabolism ........................................................................ 193
2 Root Water Uptake and Water Movement
Through the Plant ....................................................................... 202
3 Stomatal Biology, Transpiration and Evapotranspiration ..... 209
References ........................................................................................... 214
Contents IX
Dynamics of Nutrient Transport from the Root to the Shoot 234
By Ulrich Schurr
1 Why Study Dynamics of Nutrient Transport? ......................... 234
2 Appropriate Methods ................................................................. 235
a) Root Pressure Exudation ..................................................... 235
b) Scholander Pressure Method ............................................... 235
c) Xylem Pressure Probe .......................................................... 236
d) Root Pressure Chamber ....................................................... 236
3 Temporal and Spatial Variation of Sap Composition
and Nutrient Fluxes in the Xylem ............................................. 237
4 Processes Potentially Involved in Temporal Variation .......... 239
a) Availability to the Root ........................................................ 239
b) Uptake .................................................................................... 239
c) Transport Through the Root and Xylem Loading ............ 242
d) Lateral Exchange on the Transport Pathway
to the Shoot ........................................................................... 244
5 Nutrient Fluxes on the Whole Plant Level................................ 245
6 Prospects ...................................................................................... 246
References ........................................................................................... 247
Photosynthesis. Carbon Metabolism:
In and Beyond the Chloroplast ............................................................ 254
By Grahame J. Kelly (With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction ................................................................................ 254
2 From CO to GAP ........................................................................ 255
2
a) Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase
(Rubisco) ............................................................................... 255
b) Remainder of the Calvin Cycle .................................. .......... 256
c) The C Pathway ...................................................................... 258
4
d) Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) .............................. 260
3 The Multifaceted Fate of GAP .................................................... 262
a) Transitory Starch in Chloroplasts ....................................... 262
b) Three Notes About Chloroplast Lipids .............................. 262
c) Export from the Chloroplast ............................................... 263
d) Cytosolic Sucrose Synthesis and its Regulation ................ 264
4 Distant Fates of Photosynthetic Product .................................. 266
a) Translocation ........................................................................ 266
b) Storage ...... ....... ...................................................................... 266
5 Photorespiration ......................................................................... 268
6 Conclusions and Prospects ........................................................ 269
References ........................................................................................... 270