Programming the 65816: Including the 6502, 65C02, and 65802

469 Pages·2007·1.675 MB·English

by  David Eyes, Ron Lichty

Programming the 65816

Including the 6502, 65C02 and 65802

Distributed and published under
COPYRIGHT LICENSE AND PUBLISHING AGREEMENT
with
Authors David Eyes and Ron Lichty
EFFECTIVE APRIL 28, 1992

Copyright © 2007 by The Western Design Center, Inc.

2166 E. Brown Rd. Mesa, AZ 85213
480-962-4545 (p) 480-835-6442 (f)
www.westerndesigncenter.com
ret nnegCi snerDet seehWT
Table of Contents
)1 Chapter One ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 12
stpe cgnnoiCmmar geograPu gynlabLm ecsissAaB ................................ ................................ .................. 12
srebm uyNraniB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 12
set yoBt nsit igBnipuorG ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 13
yran i fBnooitatneserp elRamicedaxeH ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 14
treeStcar aIhI CSeChAT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 15
ci gnoaLelooB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 16
ldancAigoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 16
lacigorLO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 17
ervOisul clxaEcigoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 17
tnemel plmaocCigoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 17
sreb mdueNngiS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 18
mr olFamic ensDirebm ugNnirotS ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 19
citem hrteitruApmoC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 20
gnimmarg orroPssecorporciM ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 20
egaug neanLihcaM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 20
e gyalubgmneasLsA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 22
egaugna Lylbmess An ignitirW ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 22
stpec ngonCimmarg ocriPsaB ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 23
s hnteaeP wntoeiBtceleS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 24
gnipooL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 24
senituorbuS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 24
)2 Chapter Two ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 26
e r f2ueo0th5ct6etihcrA ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 26
erutceti hrcorsAsecorporciM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 26
srets i 2ge0eh5RT6 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 26
rotalu meuhcTcA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 27
sretsig exRed nd Y IneXahT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 29
retsi gseuRt aethST ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 29
verbbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 30
emaN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 31
retn ikoc PaethST ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 31
retn umoaCrg oerhPT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 33
sedoM gnisserddA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 33
snoitcurtsnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 35
ngi smeeDt s2y 0Se5h6T ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 38
gninilepiP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 38
seu leatVyB-elpit lrfueoM dyrrOomeM ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 39
tuptuO/t udpenpIpaM-yromeM ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 39
stpurretnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 39
ssec oSrOPMN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 40
skriu Qdn asguB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 40
)3 Chapter Three ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 41
e2 r0feuCoht5tc6etihcrA ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 41
erutcetih c2r0 ACe5h6T ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 41
sedoM gnisserddA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 41
snoitcurtsnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 42
ssec oSrOPMC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 42
skriu Qdn asguB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 42
)4 Chapter Four ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 44
2 06de8 1nh5ee8at6rh5uT6tceti htcirBA-neetxiS ................................ ................................ ................... 44
2
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endooiMta l 2u:0ms5Eu6 tnaOt-SrewoP ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 45
e de ov :Mi 6rtn1 oai8esN5hs6Tec oxdr5eP6rutaeF-l leuhFT ................................ ................................ 45
retsige Rkna Bmargor PehT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 47
retsige Rkna Bata DehT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 48
retsi gee gRtacPe reihDT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 48
ret nki coeaPhtTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 48
sretsi gxeeR d dnrnIoatalumuccA ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 48
sti Bneetxi Sdn athgi Eneewte Bsretsige RgnihctiwS ................................ ................................ ............................ 50
retsi gseuRt aethST ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 50
618 5e6 h ntsoed ogMnisserd d2A0C56/2056 ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 51
se dgonMisser d6d1A 8w5e6N ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 52
snoitcurtsnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 54
stpurretnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 55
e deovMi t2a0N 8e5h6T ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 55
e dnooMitalumE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 58
sretsi ge ednRooMitalumE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 60
s eedv o inMdtonaiaNta l 2un0me5Ee6 wgtneiBhctiwS ................................ ................................ ............ 61
e deovMi tnoaotNital umm oEgrnfihctiwS ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 61
e dnooMital ueomvtEi tma oNgrnfihctiwS ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 61
skr i dusn Qga6u1B856/20856 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 62
)5 Chapter Five ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 64
slia treeD h dt,nO Pa,EPRES ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 64
ko osBi h nTdie srUelbmes seAhT ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 66
noita tsosNerddA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 68
)6 Chapter Six ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 69
a tganDi v:osMelpm atxsEriF ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 69
sretsi ggenRir odgtnnSaidaoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 71
sg asluFt asntnoSoitar eeprO o dtdnS aatfocoLeffE ................................ ................................ ............................ 73
kc a etghSnt ias tUganDivoM ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 73
Push ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 74
sretsig ex R5c6is ae BhgtnihsuP ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 76
Pull ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 76
sretsig ex R5c6is ae BhgtnilluP ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 76
sretsig elRanoitid dsA’618 5e 6hgtnill ud PnganihsuP ................................ ................................ .......................... 78
sesserdd Aevitceff EgnihsuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 79
ll ud Pnhas ufsPoetubirt trAehtO ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 79
sretsig enReewt eaBt agDnivoM ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 79
srefsnarT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 79
segnahcxE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 86
yrom eooMtr egZnirotS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 86
se vkocMolB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 87
)7 Chapter Seven ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 89
s egdnoiMsserddAelpmiS ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 89
gnisse redtdaAidemmI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 90
gnisse redtduAlosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 92
gnisse r edtgdcaAePriD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 94
gnixednI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 95
gnisser d hdYt Aidwexed neItulos bd hAnXt aidwexed neItulosbA ................................ ................................ ... 98
gnisser d hdYt Aidwexed neIg atPcer id hDnXt aidwexed neIg atPceriD ................................ ........................ 101
gnisser drdoAtalumuccA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 103
gniss edredidlApmI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 103
Stack ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 104
gnisser dtdcAeri de ngtIacPeriD ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 104
gnisser dg dneAotLulosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 105
3
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gnisse rh d tXddiAewxe dgn nIeotLulosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 108
g ntocLeri den gItacPeriD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 109
e vkocMolB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 110
)8 Chapter Eight ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 111
lort nwf oooeClhFT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 111
snoitcurt spnmIuJ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 112
gnih clnaanroBitidnoC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 114
g aol r F eednhZeot sganBihcnarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 115
ga lyFrr ae C hndtoes agBnihcnarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 117
g aelvFita g eednhNeot sganBihcnarB ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 118
g awloFlfr e evdnhOeot sganBihcnarB ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 119
sehcn alraBnoiti d snfnoooCitatimiL ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 119
gnihc nlaarnBoitidnocnU ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 119
)9 Chapter Nine ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 122
snoit ccniutFemh tniIr-AtliuB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 122
noitpircseD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 122
tnemerce Ddn atnemercnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 123
citemht idreAn g:in soniUtcart b dunnSoaitiddA ................................ ................................ .............................. 127
nosirapmoC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 130
citemh tdiernAgiS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 134
snosirapm odCengiS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 136
edoM lamiceD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 137
)01 Chapter Ten ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 139
snoitar enpoOitalupi ntdcainiMBagoL ................................ ................................ ................................ . 139
snoitcn ucFigoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 139
DlNaAcigoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 140
RlOacigoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 142
rO-evis ullaccxiEgoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 143
noitalupinaM tiB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 145
seta tdsontRafihS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 146
)11 Chapter Eleven ................................ ................................ ................................ . 154
se dgonMisser dxdeAlp meohCT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 154
e gtacPe regihnDtitacoleR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 155
snoitpmuss Aedo Mgnisserdd ArelbmessA ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 156
gnisser d hdYt AidWexed ntIcerid neIg atPceriD ................................ ................................ .............................. 158
gnisser dtdcAeri dgnnIixe de ngtIacPeriD ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 161
gnisser dtdcAeri ddneIxe dentIulosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 163
gnisse rh d tYddiAewxe dgn nItocLeri den gItacPeriD ................................ ................................ ...................... 165
gnisse redvdiAt aklceaRtS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 166
gnisser dddeAxe dtncIeri denvIita lkecRatS ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 168
snoitcurt senvIitce fhfsEuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 169
)21 Chapter Twelve ................................ ................................ ................................ . 174
:kc oglnBidl icui BseahBT ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 174
enituor beuhST ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 174
noitcurt sennIituorbuS-oT-p meuhJT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 175
noitcurt sennIituorbuS-morf-nru teehRT ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 175
gnisser dtdcAeri ddneIxe dentIulo sgbnA iSsRUJ ................................ ................................ ............................. 177
enituorb uopStm ugJn oeLhT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 178
gn oeLnituorb umSo rnfruteR ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 178
enituorb uohStcnarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 179
ne hd Wnw ao:Henituor b guanSidoC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 180
elpma xyErar bn –ioALitag etNiB-thg i2E056 ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 180
noitage NtiB-thgi E6185 6dn a,2085 6,20C56 ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 181
4
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noit atgieBN-nee t2x0i5S6 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 181
noitag etNiB-neetx i6S18 5d 6n2a0856 ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 181
gni srseatPemaraP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 182
)31 Chapter Thirteen ................................ ................................ .............................. 192
snoitcur tlsonrI tmneo tCsdstnypaSurretnI ................................ ................................ ........................... 192
stpurretnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 192
stpur rgentinsIsecorP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 197
e meisTnop stepRurretnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 200
noitcurt slnoIrt nroeCtsi gseuRtatS ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 201
snoitcurt snnoIitar eopNO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 202
)41 Chapter Fourteen ................................ ................................ ............................. 204
selp me addSoeCtceleS ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 204
noitacilpitluM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 204
noitacilpi t2l0u5M6 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 205
noitacilpi t2l0uCM56 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 205
noitacilpitl u6M18 5d6 n2a0856 ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 205
noisiviD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 208
nois i2v0i5D6 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 209
nois i2v0iCD56 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 211
noi s6i1v8i5D6/20856 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 211
enit u2o 0Ry5r6arti bgnrnaAillaC ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 213
erpoysTse cgonriPtseT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 219
margorPevisruc era Roefd o6C18 5d6etareneG-relipmoC ................................ ................................ ............... 220
egaug nyalLbme sdnseiAdoC-d nealHpm aex mEeahST ................................ ................................ ................... 224
kramhcn esBenehtsota r fEeove ieShT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 226
)51 Chapter Fifteen ................................ ................................ ................................ 230
l ogonTimmarg o66r 11P– 8GA5U6GED ................................ ................................ ............................... 230
snoitaralceD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 232
TSIL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 234
TSILF ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 236
DNRPOMRF ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 238
POB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 243
PETS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 244
XEHTUP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 246
NLRLC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 248
ETADPU ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 249
NLTNIRP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 251
ECART ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 252
NIKRBE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 254
LCPSKHC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 259
SGERPMUD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 263
8GETRTUP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 265
SELBAT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 266
)61 Chapter Sixteen ................................ ................................ ................................ 276
gni gn ggduinbsaeeDD ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 276
tsilk cgenhiCggubeD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 276
lagmailcFeD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 276
tcartbu S/dd Ao troir Pyrra CgnitsujdA ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 276
xa ttnhygSiR-ot- txf5e6L ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 276
sehcn axr5B6 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 277
g upBm u2J056 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 277
e dgonCildnaH-tpurretnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 277
ed oeMvit asNusr enVoitalu m:E61856/20856 ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 277
sretsig etRiB-neetx isSusr etViB-thg i:E61856/20856 ................................ ................................ ........................ 278
ega Ptceri Deh T:61856/20856 ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 278
5
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a tmraaoDrg osrnPurr ekvcO a:t6S1856/20856 ................................ ................................ ................................ . 278
LTR/ S dTLnRSaJ/ R:S6J1856/20856 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 278
PVM /:N6V1M856/20856 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 278
sse rndrduAteR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 279
xa trneylSbm etsnseAtsisnocnI ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 279
erehwyn Aneppa Hna Cyeh T:sgu BcireneG ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 279
selbai rdaeVzilaitininU ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 279
edoC gnissiM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 279
poo Lan ixedn Ieh ttnemercn Io teruliaF ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 279
kca tpnSUae loeCtruliaF ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 280
noita cyorLo mseuMs rae tVeatDaidemmI ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 280
enituor b muao Srrfetni okPca te ShgtnizilaitinI ................................ ................................ ................................ . 280
gnimmarg odrePrutcu r dtnnSgai snewDoD-poT ................................ ................................ .............................. 280
noitatnemucoD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 281
)71 Chapter Seventeen ................................ ................................ ............................ 283
se dgonMisser dedhAT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 283
gniss eertdudlAosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 288
gniss e,r ddXedxAe dentIulosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 289
gniss e,r ddYedxAe dentIulosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 290
gnisser dtdcAeri ddneIxe dentIulosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 291
gnisse rtdcdeAr iedtnuIlosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 292
gnisser dg dntAocLeri dentIulosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 293
PM]Jrdda[ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 293
gnisse r gdendtoAuLlosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 294
gnisse r, ddXdeAxe dgn nIeotLulosbA ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 295
gniss errodtdaAlumuccA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 296
gnisser de dvkAocMolB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 297
gnisse r edtgdcaAePriD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 298
gnisse r, ddXdeAxe den gItacPeriD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 299
gnisse r, ddYdeAxe den gItacPeriD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 300
gnisse r, dtXdcAeri ddneIxe den gItacPeriD ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 301
gnisse rtdcdeAr i edtgncaIePriD ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 302
gnisser dg dntAocLeri de ngtIacPeriD ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 303
gnisse r, ddYdeAxe dtncIeri den gItacPeriD ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 304
gnisse r, ddYdeAxe dgn nItocLeri den gItacPeriD ................................ ................................ .............................. 305
gnisse redtdaAidemmI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 306
gniss edredidlApmI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 307
gnisse redvdiAt arleetR nmuaorCgorP ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 308
sser dgd nAeovLita lreeRtn umoaCrgorP ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 309
gnisser d)deAtulos bkAc(atS ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 310
gnisser d)dtAceri de ngtIacPer ikDc(atS ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 312
gnisse r)dtdpAurre tkncIa(tS ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 314
gnisser d)deAvita lreeRtn umoaCrgo rkPc(atS ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 316
gnisse r)dld lAkucPa(tS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 317
gnisse r)dhd sAkucPa(tS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 319
gnisse r)d IdkTAcRa(tS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 321
gnisse r)d LdkTAcRa(tS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 322
gnisser d)dS ATkRc(atS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 323
gnisse redvdiAt aklceaRtS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 324
gnisse r, ddYdeAxe dtncIeri denvIita lkecRatS ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 325
)81 Chapter Eighteen ................................ ................................ .............................. 326
s tneoSitcurt senhIT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 326
yr rha tCdidWA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 327
edocpO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 327
setyB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 327
selcyC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 327
yrome Mhti wrotalumucc AdnA ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 328
dnoceS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 328
6
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dnarepO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 328
tf erLotalumuc c rAyorom etMfihS ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 329
ra eyl r ChrfcainCarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 330
tyer S rhfaciCnarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 331
la uhfqciEnarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 332
rotalumucc Atsniag asti Byrome MtseT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 333
sun ifhMicnarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 334
lau qt EofhNicnarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 335
su lfhPicnarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 336
sy ahwclnAarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 337
kaerB erawtfoS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 338
gn osLyaw lhAcnarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 340
ra ewloClf r hefcvinOarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 341
tweoSlf r hefcvinOarB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 342
gya rlrrFaaeClC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 343
ga leFd olMamic erDaelC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 344
g aellFba stipDurre trnaIelC ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 345
gal Fwolfrev OraelC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 346
yro mhe tMriowtalumu cecrAapmoC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 347
el braonsEsecorP-oC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 349
yrom eh Mt riXewtsig exRed neIrapmoC ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 350
Y PyCrom ehMt irYwetsig exRed neIrapmoC ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 351
tnemerceD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 352
reXtsi gxeeR dtnnIemerceD ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 353
reYtsi gxee RdtnnIemerceD ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 354
yrome Mhti wrotalumucc ARO-evisulcxE ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 355
tnemercnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 357
reXtsi gxeeR dtnnIemercnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 358
Yretsige Rxedn ItnemercnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 359
pmuJ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 360
)knaB-ret ngI n(eonLituor bpoumtSuJ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 361
enituorb uopStmuJ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 362
yrom emMo rrfotalumuc cdAaoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 363
yrom em Mo rrXeftsig exRed ndIaoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 364
yrom emMo rrYfetsig exRed ndIaoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 365
th grioRtalumu cyrcroAo mtefM ilhaScigoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 366
t xee vNkocMolB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 367
suoive rePv okMcolB ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 368
PVM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 368
noitar eopNO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 369
yrome Mhti wrotalumucc ARO ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 370
sser dedtAulo sebvAitce fhfsEuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 372
sser dtdcAeri denvIitce fhfsEuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 373
sser dtdcAeri denvIita leCevPRitce fhfsEuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 374
REP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 374
rotalumu chcsAuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 375
retsig ekRn aaBt ahDsuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 376
retsi ge egtRacPe rhisDuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 377
retsi gke nRmaaBrg ohrsPuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 378
retsi gseuRt artoSssec ohrsPuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 379
rets ixg eehdRsnuIP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 380
rets ixg eehdRsnuIP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 381
rotalumuc clAluP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 382
retsig ekRn aaBt alDluP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 383
retsi ge egtRacPe rlilDuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 384
sg asluFt altlSuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 385
kc a mtr oSeXrtfsi gxeeR dlnlIuP ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 386
kca tmSo rrYfetsig exRed nlIluP ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 387
s tsiuBt atteSseR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 388
t freoLtalumu cyrcroAo meetMatoR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 389
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th grioRtalumu cyrcroAo meetMatoR ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 390
tpurre tmn oInrrfuteR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 391
gn oeLnituorb umSo rnfruteR ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 393
enituor bmu oSnrrfuteR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 394
rotalumuc cmAo rwforr ohBt itwcartbuS ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 395
gya rltrFeaSC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 397
ga leFd olMamic etDeS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 398
g aellFba stipDurre ttneIS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 399
sti Bsutat SteS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 400
yrom eorMtotalumuc ceArotS ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 401
rossec o erphPottS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 402
yrom e oMrXtetsig exRed neIrotS ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 403
yrome Mo t Yretsige Rxedn IerotS ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 404
yrom eooMtr eeZrotS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 405
reXtsi gxeeR dronotItalumu crceAfsnarT ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 406
rYetsig exRed norItotalumuc crAefsnarT ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 407
retsi gee gRtacPe rroiotDtalumu ctciAB -r6e1fsnarT ................................ ................................ ....................... 408
retn iko c PraootttSalumu crceAfsnarT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 409
rotalumuc ctAiB- 6or1tetsig eeRg atPcer irDefsnarT ................................ ................................ ....................... 410
rotalumucc Atsniag Asti Byrome Mtese Rdn atseT ................................ ................................ ............................ 411
rotalumuc ctAsnia gsAt iyBrom etM edS ntaseT ................................ ................................ ............................... 412
rotalumu ctciAB -ro6et1tn ikocP arteSfsnarT ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 413
reXtsi gxeeR dronetItn ikocP arteSfsnarT ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 414
rotalumu c rcoXeAttsig exRed nrIefsnarT ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 415
retn iko cPr aeXotttSsi gxeeR drneIfsnarT ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 416
orYXtetsig exRed nrIefsnarT ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 417
rotalumuc c oArYtetsig exRed nrIefsnarT ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 418
orXYtetsig exred nrIefsnarT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 419
tpurre t rntoIifaW ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 420
noisnap xeErut ur FodfevreseR ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 421
srotalumuc cdAA neBa hetgnahcxE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 422
st inBoitalu mdE nyarr aeCgnahcxE ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 423
)91 Chapter Nineteen ................................ ................................ .............................. 424
s tnsoiiLtcurtsnI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 424
rossecorP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 434
: xeo dbgonmisserddA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 434
:n mnuoliotcarepO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 434
:se dsouct a dt,nssael c,yscetyB ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 435
dnege Lxirta Medo CpO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 437
Table of Figures
F IGURE 1 1B- INARY R EPRESENTATION ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 13
F IGURE 1 -2 B IT N UMBERS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 14
F IGURE 1 D3N-A ING B ITS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 16
F IGURE 1 R4O- ING B ITS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 17
F IGURE 1 REOVISULC X5E- ING B ITS ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 17
F IGURE 1 TNEME L6P-MOC ING B ITS ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 18
F IGURE 1 TNEME L7P-MOC ING B ITS U SING E XCLUSIVE RO ................................ ................................ .......................... 18
F IGURE 1 -8 M ULTIPLE P- RECISION A RITHMETIC ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 21
F IGURE 1 -9 T YPICAL A SSEMBLER S OURCE C ODE ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 23
F IGURE 2 1- 2056P ROGRAMMING M ODEL ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 28
F IGURE 2 -2 I NITIALIZING THE S TACK P OINTERT O FF$ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 32
F IGURE 2 3-A FTER P USHINTGH E A CCUMULATOR ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 33
F IGURE 2 -4 I NDEXING : B ESA P LUS I NDEX ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 35
F IGURE 2 -5 I NDIRECTION : O PERAND L OCATES I NDIRECT A DDRESS ................................ ................................ .................. 36
F IGURE 4 1 -6 18N56 ATIVE M ODE P ROGRAMMING M ODEL ................................ ................................ .............................. 46
F IGURE 4 2 -R ESULTOSF S WITCHING R EGISTER S IZE ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 51
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F IGURE 4 3 -2 08N56 ATIVE M ODE P ROGRAMMING M ODEL ................................ ................................ .............................. 57
F IGURE 4 4- 61856E MULATION M ODE P ROGRAMMING M ODEL ................................ ................................ ........................ 60
F IGURE 6 1- S TACK M EMORY ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 75
F IGURE 6 -2. P HSU ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 77
F IGURE 6 3 -R EGISTER T RANSFERS B ETWEEN D IFFERENT S- DEZI R EGISTERS ................................ ................................ ..... 83
F IGURE 7 -1 I MMEDIATE A DDRESSING : 8 SV . 61 BITS ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 91
F IGURE 7 2- A BSOLUTE A DDRESSING ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 93
F IGURE 7 3- Z ERO P AGE A DDRESSING ................................. ................................ ................................ ............................. 94
F IGURE 7 -4 I GNIXEDN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 97
F IGURE 7 -5 I NDEXING B EYONDT HE E NDO FT HE B ANK ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 98
F IGURE 7 -6 A BSOLUTE I NDEXING WITH A G ENERIC I NDEX R EGISTER ................................ ................................ ............. 100
F IGURE 7 7- D IRECT P AGE I NDEXING WITH A G ENERIC I NDEX R EGISTER ................................ ................................ ......... 102
F IGURE 7 8- D IRECT P AGE I NDIRECT A DDRESSING ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 105
F IGURE 7 9- A BSOLUTE L ONG A DDRESSING ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 108
F IGURE 7 01- D IRECT P EGA I NDIRECT L ONG A DDRESSING ................................ ................................ .............................. 110
F IGURE 8 1- J PMU ’ S A BSOLUTE I NDIRECT A DDRESSING M ODE ................................ ................................ ....................... 113
F IGURE 8 .2- R ELATIVE B RANCH C ALCULATION ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 115
F IGURE 8 .3- L INKED L IST ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 117
F IGURE 10 -1 T HE DONA PERATION ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 140
F IGURE 10 2- S HIFT AND R OTATE L EFT ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 148
F IGURE 10 3- S HIFT AND R OTATE R IGHT ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 149
F IGURE 11 1- P OSTINDEXING ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 159
F IGURE 11 2- P REINDEXING ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 162
F IGURE 11 3- A BSOLUTE I NDEXED I NDIRECT ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 165
F IGURE 11 4- P OSTINDEXED L ONG ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 167
F IGURE 11 5- S TACK R ELATIVE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 168
F IGURE 11 6- S TACK R ELATIVE I NDIRECT I NDEXED ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 169
F IGURE 11 7- AEPA GNISSERDD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 170
F IGURE 11 8- IEPA GNISSERDD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 171
F IGURE 11 .9- REPA GNISSERDD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 172
F IGURE 12 R1 S-J ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 176
F IGURE 12 2- STR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 177
F IGURE 12 3- J LS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 178
F IGURE 12 4L -TR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 179
F IGURE 13 1- O/IM ANAGEMENT : I NTERRUPTS VS . P OLLING ................................ ................................ .......................... 193
F IGURE 13 -2 I NTERRUPT P ROCESSING ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 194
F IGURE 13 -3B REAK S IGNATURE B YTE I LLUSTRATION ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 197
F IGURE 13 4- 2A2I5VI6 NTERRUPT F LAG R EGISTER ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 198
F IGURE 14 1- S TACK S NAPSHOT AFTER PEI (12) I NSTRUCTION ................................ ................................ ....................... 218
F IGURE 15 1- D ISASSEMBLY O UTPUT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 231
F IGURE 15 -2 T RECAR O UTPUT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 231
F IGURE 17 20CP 516-/ 2056 ROGRAMMING M ODEL ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 284
F IGURE 17 .2- 20856N EVITA M ODE P ROGRAMMING M ODEL ................................ ................................ .......................... 285
F IGURE 17 3 -6 18N56 ATIVE M ODE P ROGRAMMING M ODEL ................................ ................................ ........................... 286
F IGURE 17 4- 61856E MULATION M ODE P ROGRAMMING M ODEL ................................ ................................ .................... 287
F IGURE 18 1- DNAT RUTH T ELBA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 328
F IGURE 18 2- A LS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 329
F IGURE 18 61S856/ 230- 856 TACK A FTER KRB ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 339
F IGURE 18 4- S TACK AFTER POC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 349
F IGURE 18 -5E XCLUSIVE OR T RUTH T ELBA ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 355
F IGURE 18 -6 RSL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 366
F IGURE 18 7- L OGICAL OR T RUTH T ELBA ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 370
F IGURE 18 L8 O-R ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 389
F IGURE 18 R9 O-R ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 390
F IGURE 18 -10N ATIVE M ODE S TACK BEFORE .ITR ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 391
F IGURE 18 11- S TACK BEFORE LTR ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 393
F IGURE 18 21- S TACK BEFORE STR ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 394
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Table of Tables
T ELBA 1 1-D ECIMAL AND H EX N UMBERS ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 15
T ELBA 1 -2 T RUTH T ABFLOER DNA ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 17
T ELBA 1 -3 T RUTH T EL BRAOF RO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 17
T ELBA 1 -4 T RUTH T EL BRAOF ERVOISULCXE ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 17
T ELBA 1 -5 T RUTH T EL BRAOF TNEMELPMOC ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 18
T ELBA 1 -6 T HE E IGHT B- IT R ANGOEF T WO ’ S -C OMPLEMENT N UMBERS ................................ ................................ ............ 19
T ELBA 1 -7 T HE F IRST D NC6B1 UMBERS ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 20
T ELBA 2 1-S TATUS R EGISTER C ONDITION C ODE F LAGS ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 30
T ELBA 2 2-S TATUS R EGISTER M ODE S ELECT F LAGS ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 31
T ELBA 2 3 -2 0A56 GNISSERDD M ODES ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 34
T ELBA 2 4- 205I6 NSTRUCTIONS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 37
T ELBA 3 -1 T HE 65C02’ S N WE A DDRESSING M ODES ................................. ................................ ................................ ........ 41
T ELBA 3 -2. N WE 20CI56 NSTRUCTIONS ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 42
T ELBA 4 -1 T HE F RUO P OSSIBLE N ATIVE M ODE R EGISTER C OMBINATIONS ................................ ................................ ....... 49
T ELBA 4 2- A DDRESSING M ODES :Z ERO P AGE VS . D IRECT P EGA ................................ ................................ ..................... 52
T ELBA 4 -3 T HE ’20856/61856 S N WE A DDRESSING M ODES ................................ ................................ .............................. 53
T ELBA 4 4- N WE 20856/618I56 NSTRUCTIONS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 54
T ELBA 4 -5 I NTERRUPT V ECTOR L OCATIONS ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 55
T ELBA 6 1-D ATA M OVEMENT I NSTRUCTION ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 70
T ELBA 7 1- L OIFS T S IMPLE A DDRESSING M ODES ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 89
T ELBA 8 .1- B RANCH AND J UMP I NSTRUCTIONS ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 111
T ELBA 9 1- A RITHMETIC I NSTRUCTIONS ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 122
T ELBA 9 -2. E SEITILAUQ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 131
T ELBA 10 1- L OGIC I NSTRUCTIONS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 139
T ELBA 11 -1 C XELPMO A DDRESSING M ODES ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 154
T ELBA 11 -2 C XELPMO P USH I NSTRUCTIONS ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 154
T ELBA 11 3- A SSEMBLER S YNTAXF OR C OMPLETE M EMORY A CCESS ................................ ................................ ............. 157
T ELBA 12 1- S UBROUTINE I NSTRUCTIONS ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 174
T ELBA 13 -1. I NTERRUPT AND S YSTEM C ONTROL I NSTRUCTIONS . ................................ ................................ ................... 192
T ELBA 13 -2 I NTERRUPT V ECTORS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 195
T ELBA 13 3 -R ESET I NITIALIZATION ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 201
T ELBA 17 1- O PERAND S YMBOLS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 284
T ELBA 18 1- O PERAND S YMBOLS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 326
T ELBA 18 -2 65 X F SGAL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 326
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