Programming in C++: Object Oriented Features: 5 (Information and Computer Engineering)

365 Pages·2019·6.833 MB·English

by  Laxmisha Rai (editor)

LaxmishaRai
ProgramminginC++
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Information and
Computer Engineering
Volume 5
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Laxmisha Rai
Programming in C++
Object-Oriented Features
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Author
LaxmishaRai
CollegeofElectronicandInformationEngineering
ShandongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,
Qingdao,China.
ISBN978-3-11-059539-0
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-059384-6
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-059295-5
ISSN2570-1614
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018954463
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;detailed
bibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de.
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Preface
Today, use of computers and application of software can be seen everywhere. The
rapidprogressininformationtechnology(IT)haschangedourconventionalwaysof
thinking. It is hard to imagine life without computers and software these days.
Programming is an essential part of computing. Many programming languages
weredevelopedovertheyears,however,veryfewofthemsurvivedintheITmarket.
C++isonesuchprogramminglanguagethatcanrightlybecalledasasuccessortoC
language.C++isageneral-purposeprogramminglanguagewitharichsetofobject-
orientedprogramming(OOP)andgenericprogrammingfeatures.Thislanguagewas
created by BjarneStroustrup, aDanish computer scientist, in1980s. Today,C++ is
oneofthemostprominentandusefulOOPlanguages.Itisstudiedwidelybystudents
andprogrammersalike.C++supportsanumberoffeatures,suchasclasses,objects,
inheritance,constructors,andpolymorphismthatmakeitsouseful.Thisbookcovers
all of these concepts along with the basics of programming, including selection
statements,looping,arrays,strings,functionsorting,andsearchingalgorithms.
The book is written by focusing programmers, both experienced and inexper-
ienced,whowouldliketolearnC++withorwithoutanypriorprogrammingexperi-
ence.ThemainobjectiveofthebookistopresentanoverviewofC++programming
language with OOP concepts. The book is presented in simple English and easy
examples. It can be used as a textbook for graduate or undergraduate programs.
ThebookwillprovideeveryreaderanideatowriteandpracticeC++programsaswell
asunderstandingvariouscomputersandprogrammingtermsinEnglish.Thereare
manyfeaturesthatwillmakethisbookuniqueamongC++textbooks.Alargenumber
ofexampleprogramsandillustrationswillbepresentedthroughoutthebook.Allof
the programs are written with maximum care and attention. Many programming
exercisesarealsoprovided,wherevernecessary.Wearesurethateveryreaderwill
enjoyC++programmingwhilereadingthisbook.
Thisbookcoversalmostallofthenecessaryfeaturesofobject-orientedprogram-
mingwithC++.Thereareatotalof18chaptersinthebook.Eachchapterstartswitha
briefintroductionaboutitscontentsandscope.Eachchapterhasasetofquestions
forthereadertoanswerandthinkaboutpossibleanswersaswell.Thebookpresents
over 180 complete programs with their respective input and output details. We
suggesteveryreadertogothroughallofthechaptersstartingfrom1to18inorder
tomasterC++programming.Thisbookcanbedividedintotwoparts.Thefirstpartis
from Chapters 1 to 13, which covers the basics of C++ programming, or concepts
whicharenotdirectlyrelatedOOP.Eventhoughthesechaptersusethetermsclasses
andobjectshereandthere,thereisnoneedofexclusiveknowledgeofOOPconcepts.
So,teacherswhoarewillingtotraintheirstudentsinthebasicsofC++maychoose
thesechaptersasintroductorylessonsonC++programming.Thesecondpartisfrom
Chapters 14 to 18. This part is about topics that are directly related to OOP. These
chaptersprovidethereaderstheexclusivefeaturesofOOPinC++.So,thelearners
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110593846-201
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VI Preface
whoarefamiliarwiththebasicsofC++maystartfromChapter14tounderstandthe
OOPconceptsdirectly.However,thebookiswritteninsuchawaythatthereadercan
jumptoanychaptertoacquireexactinformationwithoutfollowingthesequenceof
chapters.
Inadditiontoallthesechapters,thebookpresentsfiveappendicesforsupport-
ingthematerialspresentedinthisbook.AppendixAprovidesthelistofC++header
filesandlibraryfunctions.Itisprovidedasa quickreferenceforlearnerstolocate
severallibraryfunctionsprovidedbyC++.Thebriefdescriptionoftheseheaderfiles
andrespectivelibraryfunctionsareprovidedinmultipletables.AppendicesBandC
providealistofnon-OOPandOOPexercisesofC++,respectively.Thebookprovides
twodifferentsections,sothattheinstructorsareabletodividetheexercisesonthe
basis of the students’ ability and course requirements. In some universities or
colleges, instructors prefer their students to learn object-oriented concepts of C++
only. In such cases, it is better to refer to the exercises shown in Appendix C.
However,iftheinstructorismorefocusedonteachingfundamentalsofprogramming
concepts through C++, then programming exercises listed in Appendix B are pref-
erable.Inadditiontotheseprogrammingexercises,therearealsosomeprogramming
exercisespresentedattheendofeachchapterinsection“ReviewQuestions.”
AppendixDliststheDecimal-Binary-Octal-HexASCII(AmericanStandardCode
for Information Interchange) conversion chart. It is very useful while writing pro-
grams of especially related character data type. In addition, it is necessary for
learners to understand how the numbers are represented in different formats.
AppendixEprovidesBibliographyinformation.
The book uses different fonts such as bold, and Inconsolata , to identify the
variousconcepts.Forexample,theboldtextremindstheuserthatthesewordsare
importantandcommonlyusedtermsinunderstandingconceptsofC++andOOP.All
theprogramsshowninthebookareinInconsolata,sothatthereaderscaneasily
identifythem.Moreover,wehavealsousedthisfontwithinthetextfordescribingthe
concepts, to show the readers that these words may form a part of a program, or
becloselyrelatedtoaprogram.Theoutputsofexampleprogramsarealsoprovidedso
that the readers can easily guess that the results obtained after the execution of
program.
Wehopethatyoufindthisbookinteresting,enjoyable,andinformative.Wewish
allthereaderseverysuccessinC++programming.
HappyProgramming!
LaxmishaRai
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Contents
Preface V
AbouttheAuthor XIII
1 IntroductiontoComputersandProgramming 1
1.1 Historyofcomputers 1
1.2 Introductiontocomputerandcomputerscience 1
1.3 Introductiontosoftware 3
1.4 Programminglanguages 6
1.5 Typesofprogramminglanguages 7
1.6 Reviewquestions 9
2 IntroductiontoObject-OrientedProgrammingandC++ 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Object-orientedconcepts 11
2.3 IntroductiontoC++ 13
2.4 VersionsofC++ 14
2.5 WritingthefirstC++program 14
2.6 CompilingandrunningC++Programs 17
2.7 RunningC++programsonline 18
2.8 RunningC++programsinvisualstudio2017 23
2.9 RunningC++programsinmicrosoftvisualC++ 28
2.10 RunningC++programsincodeblocksIDE 32
2.11 WritingthefirstC++programinCodeBlocksIDE 38
2.12 Comprehensiveunderstandingofobject-orientedconcepts
inC++ 41
2.13 Reviewquestions 45
3 ProgrammingBasics 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Variablesandidentifiers 47
3.3 C++Keywords 48
3.4 Datatypes 49
3.5 C++Literalsandconstants 52
3.6 Typecasting 60
3.7 Inputandoutputmanipulators 62
3.8 Storagedurationandscope 63
3.9 Reviewquestions 69
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VIII Contents
4 OperatorsandExpressions 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Relationalandequalityoperators 72
4.3 Arithmeticoperators 72
4.4 Bitwiseoperators 73
4.5 Assignmentoperators 77
4.6 Incrementanddecrementoperators 78
4.7 Logicaloperators 80
4.8 Conditionaloperator 80
4.9 Operatorprecedence 81
4.10 Reviewquestions 83
5 SelectionStatements 85
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Theifstatement 85
5.3 Theif-elsestatement 87
5.4 Theif-else-ifstatement 89
5.5 Nestedif-elsestatement 90
5.6 Theswitchstatement 93
5.7 Theternaryoperator 97
5.8 Reviewquestions 99
6 LoopingStatements 101
6.1 Introduction 101
6.2 Thewhileloop 101
6.3 Thedo-whileloop 104
6.4 Theforloop 107
6.5 Nestingofloops 111
6.6 Thebreakstatement 112
6.7 Thecontinuestatement 116
6.8 Reviewquestions 117
7 Arrays 121
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 One-dimensionalarrays 122
7.3 Multidimensionalarrays 125
7.4 Applicationsoftwo-dimensionalarrays 127
7.5 Reviewquestions 135
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Contents IX
8 StringsandPointers 137
8.1 Introduction 137
8.2 Stringlibraryfunctions 141
8.3 Arrayofstrings 143
8.4 Introductiontopointers 144
8.5 Pointertopointer 148
8.6 Pointersandarrays 150
8.7 Arrayofpointers 152
8.8 Reviewquestions 153
9 SearchingandSorting 155
9.1 Introduction 155
9.2 Searching 155
9.3 Linearsearch 155
9.4 Binarysearch 157
9.5 Sorting 159
9.6 Insertionsort 160
9.7 Selectionsort 162
9.8 Bubblesort 164
9.9 Sortingcharactersandstrings 167
9.10 Reviewquestions 172
10 Functions 173
10.1 Introduction 173
10.2 Definingafunction 174
10.3 Argumentsandparameters 177
10.4 Scopeoffunctionvariables 180
10.5 Staticvariables 183
10.6 Scoperesolutionoperator 185
10.7 Functionsandpointers 187
10.8 Recursivefunctions 190
10.9 Inlinefunctions 197
10.10 Built-infunctions 198
10.11 Reviewquestions 200
11 StructuresandUnions 203
11.1 Introduction 203
11.2 Definingstructures 204
11.3 Initializingstructures 205
11.4 Accessingstructuremembers 206
11.5 Usingtypedefkeyword 208
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