Programming in C#: A Primer

499 Pages·2014·23.104 MB·English

by  E Balagurusamy

Programming in C#
A Primer
Fourth Edition
About the Author
E Balagurusamy is presently the Chairman of EBG Foundation, Coimbatore. He
has been the Vice-Chancellor, Anna University, Chennai, and Member, Union Public
Service Commission, New Delhi. He is a teacher, trainer, and consultant in the fields
of Information Technology and Management. He holds an ME (Hons) in Electrical
Engineering and PhD in Systems Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology,
Roorkee. His areas of interest include Object-Oriented Software Engineering,
E-Governance, Technology Management, Business Process Re-engineering, and
Total Quality Management.
A prolific writer, he has authored a large number of research papers and several books. His best-selling
books, among others include
Fundamentals of Computers
Computing Fundamentals and C Programming
Programming in ANSI C, 6/e
Object-Oriented Programming with C++, 6/e
Programming in Java, 5/e
Programming in BASIC, 3/e
Numerical Methods
Reliability Engineering
A recipient of numerous honours and awards, he has been listed in the Directory of Who’s Who of
Intellectuals and in the Directory of Distinguished Leaders in Education.
Programming in C#
A Primer
Fourth Edition
E Balagurusamy
Chairman
EBG Foundation
Coimbatore
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xvii
1. Introducing C# 1
1.1 What is C#? 1
1.2 Why C#? 1
1.3 Evolution of C# 2
1.4 Characteristics of C# 4
1.5 Applications of C# 5
1.6 How Does C# Differ From C++? 5
1.7 How Does C# Differ From Java ? 7
Case Study 8
Review Questions 9
2. Understanding .NET: The C# Environment 10
2.1 .NET strategy 10
2.2 Origins of .NET Technology 11
2.3 .NET Framework 12
2.4 Common Language Runtime 12
2.5 Framework Base Classes 14
2.6 User and Program Interfaces 14
2.7 Visual Studio .NET 14
2.8 .NET Languages 14
2.9 Benefits of the .NET Approach 15
2.10 C# and the .NET 15
Case Study 15
Review Questions 16
3. Overview of C# 17
3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 Simple C# Program 18
3.3 Namespaces 19
3.4 Adding Comments 20
3.5 Main Returning a Value 21
3.6 Using Aliases for Namespace Classes 21
3.7 Passing String Objects to WriteLine Method 22
3.8 Command Line Arguments 22
3.9 Main with a Class 24
vi Contents
3.10 Providing Interactive Input 25
3.11 Using Mathematical Functions 25
3.12 Multiple Main Methods 26
3.13 Compile Time Errors 27
3.14 Program Structure 28
3.15 Program Coding Style 28
Case Study 28
Common Programming Errors 29
Review Questions 30
Debugging Exercises 31
Programming Exercises 31
4. Literals, Variables and Data Types 32
4.1 Introduction 32
4.2 Literals 34
4.3 Variables 37
4.4 Data Types 37
4.5 Value Types 38
4.6 Reference Types 41
4.7 Declaration of Variables 41
4.8 Initialization of Variables 41
4.9 Default Values 42
4.10 Constant Variables 42
4.11 Scope of Variables 43
4.12 Boxing and Unboxing 46
Case Study 47
Common Programming Errors 48
Review Questions 48
Debugging Exercises 49
Programming Exercises 50
5. Operators and Expressions 52
5.1 Introduction 52
5.2 Arithmetic Operators 52
5.3 Relational Operators 54
5.4 Logical Operators 55
5.5 Assignment Operators 56
5.6 Increment and Decrement Operators 56
5.7 Conditional Operator 57
5.8 Bitwise Operators 58
5.9 Special Operators 59
5.10 Arithmetic Expressions 59
5.11 Evaluation of Expressions 60
5.12 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators 61
5.13 Type Conversions 62
5.14 Operator Precedence and Associativity 66
5.15 Mathematical Functions 69
Case Study 70
Common Programming Errors 71
Review Questions 72
Debugging Exercises 73
Programming Exercises 74
Contents vii
6. Decision Making and Branching 76
6.1 Introduction 76
6.2 Decision Making with if Statement 76
6.3 Simple if Statement 77
6.4 The if... else Statement 78
6.5 Nesting of if....else Statements 82
6.6 elseºif Ladder 84
6.7 Switch Statement 86
6.8 ? : Operator 91
Case Study 92
Common Programming Errors 93
Review Questions 94
Debugging Exercises 95
Programming Exercises 96
7. Decision Making and Looping 98
7.1 Introduction 98
7.2 while Statement 99
7.3 do Statement 100
7.4 for Statement 104
7.5 foreach Statement 108
7.6 Jumps in Loops 110
Case Study 114
Common Programming Errors 115
Review Questions 116
Debugging Exercises 118
Programming Exercises 119
8. Methods in C# 121
8.1 Introduction 121
8.2 Declaring Methods 121
8.3 Main Method 123
8.4 Invoking Methods 123
8.5 Nesting of Methods 124
8.6 Method Parameters 125
8.7 Pass by Value 125
8.8 Pass by Reference 126
8.9 Output Parameters 127
8.10 Variable Argument Lists 128
8.11 Method Overloading 130
Case Study 133
Common Programming Errors 136
Review Questions 136
Debugging Exercises 138
Programming Exercises 139
9. Handling Arrays 141
9.1 Introduction 141
9.2 One-Dimensional Arrays 141
9.3 Creating an Array 142
9.4 Two-Dimensional Arrays 146
9.5 Variable-Size Arrays 148
viii Contents
9.6 System.Array Class 149
9.7 ArrayList Class 150
Case Study 156
Common Programming Errors 159
Review Questions 159
Debugging Exercises 160
Programming Exercises 161
10. Manipulating Strings 164
10.1 Introduction 164
10.2 Creating Strings 164
10.3 String Methods 166
10.4 Inserting Strings 167
10.5 Comparing Strings 169
10.6 Finding Substrings 170
10.7 Mutable Strings 170
10.8 Arrays of Strings 173
10.9 Regular Expressions 175
Case Study 178
Common Programming Errors 180
Review Questions 181
Debugging Exercises 182
Programming Exercises 184
11. Structures and Enumerations 185
11.1 Introduction 185
11.2 Structures 185
11.3 Structs with Methods 187
11.4 Nested Structs 189
11.5 Differences between Classes and Structs 192
11.6 Enumerations 192
11.7 Enumerator Initialization 196
11.8 Enumerator Base Types 197
11.9 Enumerator Type Conversion 197
Case Study 198
Common Programming Errors 201
Review Questions 201
Debugging Exercises 203
Programming Exercises 205
12. Classes and Objects 206
12.1 Introduction 206
12.2 Basic Principles of OOP 206
12.3 Defining a Class 207
12.4 Adding Variables 207
12.5 Adding Methods 208
12.6 Member Access Modifiers 210
12.7 Creating Objects 211
12.8 Accessing Class Members 211
12.9 Constructors 213
12.10 Overloaded Constructors 214
Contents ix
12.11 Static Members 215
12.12 Static Constructors 216
12.13 Private Constructors 217
12.14 Copy Constructors 217
12.15 Destructors 217
12.16 Member Initialization 217
12.17 This Reference 218
12.18 Nesting of Classes 218
12.19 Constant Members 220
12.20 Read-only Members 221
12.21 Properties 221
12.22 Indexers 223
Case Study 226
Common Programming Errors 228
Review Questions 229
Debugging Exercises 233
Programming Exercises 235
13. Inheritance and Polymorphism 237
13.1 Introduction 237
13.2 Classical Inheritance 237
13.3 Containment Inheritance 238
13.4 Defining a Subclass 238
13.5 Visibility Control 240
13.6 Defining Subclass Constructors 243
13.7 Multilevel Inheritance 245
13.8 Hierarchical Inheritance 248
13.9 Overriding Methods 248
13.10 Hiding Methods 250
13.11 Abstract Classes 251
13.12 Abstract Methods 252
13.13 Sealed Classes: Preventing Inheritance 252
13.14 Sealed Methods 252
13.15 Polymorphism 253
13.16 Extension Methods 257
Case Study 258
Common Programming Errors 260
Review Questions 261
Debugging Exercises 263
Programming Exercises 265
14. Interface: Multiple Inheritance 268
14.1 Introduction 268
14.2 Defining an Interface 269
14.3 Extending an Interface 269
14.4 Implementing Interfaces 270
14.5 Interfaces and Inheritance 273
14.6 Explicit Interface Implementation 274
14.7 Abstract Class and Interfaces 277
Case Study 280
Common Programming Errors 282
x Contents
Review Questions 282
Debugging Exercises 284
15. Operator Overloading 288
15.1 Introduction 288
15.2 Overloadable Operators 288
15.3 Need for Operator Overloading 289
15.4 Defining Operator Overloading 289
15.5 Overloading Unary Operators 290
15.6 Overloading Binary Operators 291
15.7 Overloading Comparison Operators 293
Case Study 299
Common Programming Errors 301
Review Questions 302
Debugging Exercises 302
Programming Exercises 306
16. Delegates and Events 308
16.1 Introduction 308
16.2 Delegates 308
16.3 Delegate Declaration 309
16.4 Delegate Methods 309
16.5 Delegate Instantiation 310
16.6 Delegate Invocation 312
16.7 Using Delegates 312
16.8 Multicast Delegates 313
16.9 Events 315
Case Study 322
Review Questions 324
Debugging Exercises 325
17. Managing Console I/O Operations 329
17.1 Introduction 329
17.2 Console Class 329
17.3 Console Input 330
17.4 Console Output 330
17.5 Formatted Output 332
17.6 Numeric Formatting 333
17.7 Standard Numeric Format 333
17.8 Custom Numeric Format 335
Case Study 338
Review Questions 340
Debugging Exercises 341
Programming Exercises 342
18. Managing Errors and Exceptions 344
18.1 Introduction 344
18.2 What is Debugging? 344
18.3 Types of Errors 345
18.4 Exceptions 346
18.5 Syntax of Exception-Handling Code 347
18.6 Multiple Catch Statements 349