Programming in C++, 2nd Edition

904 Pages·2013·4.837 MB·English

by  Safari, an O'Reilly Media Company., Kamthane, Ashok

Programming in C++
Second Edition
Ashok Namdev Kamthane
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Shri Guru Gobind Singhji
Institute of Engineering and Technology
Nanded, Maharashtra
Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
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ISBN 9788131791448
eISBN 9789332520288

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Brief Contents
PrEfAcE xv
About thE Author xvii
1. iNtroductioN to c++ 1
2. bASicS of c++ 21
3. iNPut ANd outPut iN c++ 33
4. c++ dEclArAtioNS 99
5. dEciSioN StAtEmENtS 161
6. coNtrol looP StructurES 187
7. fuNctioNS iN c++ 203
8. clASSES ANd objEctS 257
9. coNStructorS ANd dEStructorS 345
10. oPErAtor ovErloAdiNg ANd tyPE coNvErSioN 395
11. iNhEritANcE 441
12. ArrAyS 511
iv Brief Contents
13. PoiNtErS 531
14. c++ ANd mEmory modElS 577
15. biNdiNg, PolymorPhiSmS, ANd virtuAl fuNctioNS 603
16. APPlicAtioNS with filES 639
17. gENEric ProgrAmmiNg with tEmPlAtES 697
18. worKiNg with StriNgS 731
19. ExcEPtioN hANdliNg 759
20. ovErviEw of StANdArd tEmPlAtE librAry 785
21. AdditioNAl iNformAtioN About ANSi ANd turbo-c++ 817
22. c++ grAPhicS 843
APPENdicES 869
iNdEx 879
Contents
Preface xv
About the Author xvii
1. iNtroductioN to c++ 1
1.1 Differences between C and C++ 1
1.2 Evolution of C++ 2
1.3 The ANSI Standard 2
1.4 The Object Oriented Technology 2
1.5 Disadvantage of Conventional Programming 4
1.6 Programming Paradigms 5
1.7 Preface to Object Oriented Programming 6
1.8 Key Concepts of Object Oriented Programming 7
1.9 Advantages of OOP 15
1.10 Object Oriented Languages 16
1.11 Usage of OOP 17
1.12 Usage of C++ 18
Summary 18
Exercises 19
2. bASicS of c++ 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Steps to Create and Execute a C++ Program 21
2.3 Flowchart for Creating a Source File, Compiling, Linking
and Executing in C++ 22
2.4 C++ Environments 23
2.5 Typical C++ Environment (Borland C++) 24
2.6 Structure of a C++ Program 27
2.7 Illustrative Simple Program in C++ without Class 28
2.8 Header Files and Libraries 29
Summary 30
Exercises 31
vi Contents
3. iNPut ANd outPut iN c++ 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Streams in C++ and Stream Classes 34
3.3 Pre-defined Streams 34
3.4 Buffering 35
3.5 Stream Classes 36
3.6 Formatted and Unformatted Data 37
3.7 Unformatted Console I/O Operations 38
3.8 Type Casting with the cout Statement 44
3.9 Member Functions of the istream Class 56
3.10 Formatted Console I/O Operations 59
3.11 Bit Fields 67
3.12 Flags without Bit Fields 70
3.13 Manipulators 71
3.14 User-defined Manipulators 74
3.15 Manipulator with One Parameter 76
3.16 Manipulators with Multiple Parameters 77
3.17 More Programs 79
Summary 87
Exercises 88
4. c++ dEclArAtioNS 99
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Tokens 100
4.3 Variable Declaration and Initialization 108
4.4 Data Types in C++ 115
4.5 Operators in C and C++ 129
4.6 Scope Access Operator 133
4.7 Namespace 133
4.8 Memory Management Operators 137
4.9 Comments 141
4.10 Comma Operator 142
4.11 Comma in Place of Curly Braces 143
4.12 More Programs 145
Summary 155
Exercises 156
5. dEciSioN StAtEmENtS 161
5.1 Introduction 161
5.2 The if Statement 162
5.3 Multiple ifs 165
5.4 The if-else Statement 167
5.5 Nested if-else Statements 169
5.6 The else-if Ladder 171
5.7 Unconditional Control Transfer Statements 175
Contents vii
5.8 The switch Statement 177
5.9 Nested switch case 182
Summary 183
Exercises 184
6. coNtrol looP StructurES 187
6.1 Introduction 187
6.2 What Is a Loop? 187
6.3 The for Loop 188
6.4 Nested for Loops 191
6.5 The while Loop 192
6.6 The do-while Loop 195
6.7 The do-while Statement with while Loop 196
6.8 More Programs 197
Summary 199
Exercises 199
7. fuNctioNS iN c++ 203
7.1 Introduction 203
7.2 Parts of a Function 205
7.3 Passing Arguments 209
7.4 Lvalues and Rvalues 215
7.5 Return by Reference 216
7.6 Returning More Values by Reference 217
7.7 Default Arguments 218
7.8 const Arguments 222
7.9 Inputting Default Arguments 224
7.10 Inline Functions 225
7.11 Function Overloading 228
7.12 Principles of Function Overloading 230
7.13 Precautions with Function Overloading 234
7.14 Recursion 235
7.15 Library Functions 237
7.16 More Programs 241
Summary 252
Exercises 252
8. clASSES ANd objEctS 257
8.1 Introduction 258
8.2 Structure in C 259
8.3 Structure in C++ 261
8.4 Classes in C++ 262
8.5 Declaring Objects 263
8.6 The public Keyword 264
viii Contents
8.7 The private Keyword 265
8.8 The protected Keyword 266
8.9 Access Specifiers and Their Scope 267
8.10 Defining Member Functions 268
8.11 Characteristics of Member Functions 272
8.12 Outside Member Function as Inline 272
8.13 Rules for Inline Functions 274
8.14 Data Hiding or Encapsulation 274
8.15 Classes, Objects, and Memory 277
8.16 static Member Variables 280
8.17 static Member Functions 286
8.18 static Object 289
8.19 Array of Objects 290
8.20 Objects as Function Arguments 292
8.21 friend Functions 295
8.22 The const Member Functions 304
8.23 The Volatile Member Function 305
8.24 Recursive Member Function 306
8.25 Local Classes 307
8.26 empty, static, and const Classes 310
8.27 Member Function and Non-member Function 310
8.28 The main() Function as a Member Function 311
8.29 Overloading Member Functions 312
8.30 Overloading main() Functions 313
8.31 The main(), Member Function, and Indirect Recursion 314
8.32 Bit Fields and Classes 317
8.33 Nested Class 319
8.34 More Programs 320
Summary 339
Exercises 340
9. coNStructorS ANd dEStructorS 345
9.1 Introduction 346
9.2 Constructors and Destructors 348
9.3 Characteristics of Constructors and Destructors 349
9.4 Applications with Constructors 350
9.5 Constructors with Arguments (Parameterized Constructor) 353
9.6 Overloading Constructors (Multiple Constructors) 355
9.7 Array of Objects Using Constructors 359
9.8 Constructors with Default Arguments 360
9.9 Copy Constructors 361
9.10 The const Objects 363
9.11 Destructors 364
9.12 Calling Constructors and Destructors 367
9.13 Qualifier and Nested Classes 370
Contents ix
9.14 Anonymous Objects 372
9.15 Private Constructors and Destructors 374
9.16 Dynamic Initialization Using Constructors 375
9.17 Dynamic Operators and Constructors 377
9.18 main() as a Constructor and Destructor 379
9.19 Recursive Constructors 380
9.20 Program Execution Before main() 381
9.21 Constructor and Destructor with Static Members 383
9.22 Local Versus Global Object 384
9.23 More Programs 385
Summary 392
Exercises 392
10. oPErAtor ovErloAdiNg ANd tyPE coNvErSioN 395
10.1 Introduction 395
10.2 The Keyword Operator 398
10.3 Overloading Unary Operators 400
10.4 Operator Return Type 403
10.5 Constraint on Increment and Decrement Operators 404
10.6 Overloading Binary Operators 405
10.7 Overloading with friend Function 409
10.8 Overloading Assignment Operator (=) 412
10.9 Type Conversion 414
10.10 Rules for Overloading Operators 422
10.11 One-Argument Constructor and Operator Function 424
10.12 Overloading Stream Operators 425
10.13 More Programs 427
Summary 438
Exercises 439
11. iNhEritANcE 441
11.1 Introduction 442
11.2 Reusability 442
11.3 Access Specifiers and Simple Inheritance 442
11.4 Protected Data with Private Inheritance 449
11.5 Types of Inheritance 454
11.6 Single Inheritance 456
11.7 Multilevel Inheritance 457
11.8 Multiple Inheritance 459
11.9 Hierarchical Inheritance 460
11.10 Hybrid Inheritance 462
11.11 Multipath Inheritance 465
11.12 Virtual Base Classes 466
11.13 Constructors, Destructors, and Inheritance 468
11.14 Object as a Class Member 483
11.15 Abstract Classes 489