Table Of Content

Programming Games for The ColecoVision and Adam In Assembler By Tony Cruise Programming Games for the ColecoVision and Adam In Assembler Copyright © 2020 Tony Cruise All rights reserved Special Thanks Matt Householder - Editor, Michael Thomasson – Forward & Cover Design, The AtariAge Community All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means including photocopying, scanning or by any information storage retrieval system without written permission from the publisher. The company names, logos, trademarks, games and machines depicted in this book are copyrights of their respective owners. Page | 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Forward by Michael Thomasson ................................................................................................................ 11 About the Author ....................................................................................................................................... 13 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 15 1.1. The ColecoVision ......................................................................................................................... 16 Specifications ...................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2. The Coleco Adam ........................................................................................................................ 17 Specifications ...................................................................................................................................... 17 2. Getting Setup ...................................................................................................................................... 18 2.1. Overview of the tools .................................................................................................................. 18 Emulators ............................................................................................................................................ 18 Advanced Text Editor .......................................................................................................................... 18 Assembler............................................................................................................................................ 18 Graphics Creation ................................................................................................................................ 18 2.2. Sprite & Tile Editor ...................................................................................................................... 19 3. Emulation ............................................................................................................................................ 20 3.1. BlueMSX ...................................................................................................................................... 20 3.2. OpenMSX .................................................................................................................................... 20 3.3. CoolCV ......................................................................................................................................... 20 3.4. ColEm .......................................................................................................................................... 21 4. Editor/Assembler/Template ............................................................................................................... 22 ConTEXT Text Editor ............................................................................................................................ 22 Z80 Syntax Mark-up file for ConTEXT (WLA-Z80 Assembler) .............................................................. 22 TNIAsm (version 0.45) ......................................................................................................................... 22 ColecoVision Assembler Templates .................................................................................................... 22 4.1. Step 1 – Setting up the text editor .............................................................................................. 23 a. Download and Install .................................................................................................................. 23 b. Setting up Z80 Syntax Highlighting ............................................................................................. 23 4.2. Step 2 – Setting up the Z80 Assembler ....................................................................................... 24 4.3. Step 3 – Add an execute key to ConTEXT for the Assembler ...................................................... 25 5. The Structure of a Game ..................................................................................................................... 28 5.1. Setup/Initialisation ...................................................................................................................... 28 Set graphics mode ............................................................................................................................... 28 Initialise Sound Hardware ................................................................................................................... 28 Page | 3 Initialise Controllers ............................................................................................................................ 28 5.2. Title/Intro/High Score Screen(s) ................................................................................................. 29 Load Graphics and Patterns and Draw Screen(s) ................................................................................ 29 Intro Screen Loop ................................................................................................................................ 29 5.3. The Game Loop ........................................................................................................................... 30 Get Player Input, Move Player ............................................................................................................ 30 Enemy spawn/initialisation ................................................................................................................. 30 Move enemies ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Collision detection .............................................................................................................................. 30 Animations .......................................................................................................................................... 30 Draw changes to screen ...................................................................................................................... 31 6. Starting Z80 Assembler ....................................................................................................................... 32 6.1. Memory and Registers ................................................................................................................ 32 6.2. Moving Things Around ................................................................................................................ 34 6.3. Let’s Do Some Maths .................................................................................................................. 35 Addition ............................................................................................................................................... 35 Subtraction .......................................................................................................................................... 35 Increasing and Decreasing .................................................................................................................. 36 7. Z80 Loops, Conditions and Bits ........................................................................................................... 37 7.1. Loops and Conditions .................................................................................................................. 37 Jumps .................................................................................................................................................. 38 7.2. Bytes, Bits and Nibbles ................................................................................................................ 40 What is Hexadecimal, You Say? .......................................................................................................... 40 8. Starting Somewhere ........................................................................................................................... 41 8.1. Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 42 8.2. Library Functions ......................................................................................................................... 45 8.3. Main Source File .......................................................................................................................... 54 9. Starting a Game .................................................................................................................................. 61 9.1. Preparing the template ............................................................................................................... 62 9.2. Initialising our graphics ............................................................................................................... 65 9.3. Displaying Our Title Screen ......................................................................................................... 66 9.4. Displaying Our Game Screen ....................................................................................................... 69 10. Move and Shoot .............................................................................................................................. 72 10.1. Moving the Player’s Ship ......................................................................................................... 72 10.2. Firing a player bullet ............................................................................................................... 74 Page | 4 10.3. Move the Player Bullet ............................................................................................................ 76 11. Enemy Movement ........................................................................................................................... 77 11.1. Step One – Asteroid Generation ............................................................................................. 77 Random Number Functions ................................................................................................................ 77 Setup Code .......................................................................................................................................... 78 Generate Enemies ............................................................................................................................... 79 11.2. Step Two – Enemy Movement ................................................................................................ 82 11.3. Summary ................................................................................................................................. 83 12. Collision Detection .......................................................................................................................... 84 12.1. Step One – Object Collisions ................................................................................................... 84 12.2. Step Two – Enemy Collisions ................................................................................................... 86 13. Scoring ............................................................................................................................................. 87 13.1. Displaying the Current Score .................................................................................................. 88 13.2. Adding to the Current Score ................................................................................................... 90 13.3. Subtracting from the Current Score ........................................................................................ 92 13.4. Calling the Display Routine ..................................................................................................... 94 13.5. Adding Scoring to our Game ................................................................................................... 95 14. Player Collisions and Lives .............................................................................................................. 96 14.1. Player Collisions ...................................................................................................................... 96 14.2. Display the Player’s Lives ........................................................................................................ 98 14.3. Game Over ............................................................................................................................ 100 15. More Enemies ............................................................................................................................... 101 15.1. Enemy Management ............................................................................................................. 101 ROM Table......................................................................................................................................... 101 RAM Table ......................................................................................................................................... 102 15.2. Updated Code ....................................................................................................................... 103 Set up ................................................................................................................................................ 103 Spawn Enemies ................................................................................................................................. 104 Move Enemies ................................................................................................................................... 106 16. TMS9918A - Graphics .................................................................................................................... 109 16.1. Video RAM Break Down ........................................................................................................ 111 Graphics Modes I & II ........................................................................................................................ 111 Text Mode ......................................................................................................................................... 112 Multicolour Mode ............................................................................................................................. 112 16.2. Hardware Sprites................................................................................................................... 113 Page | 5 16.3. Example Code – TMS Demo .................................................................................................. 114 Animating a tile pattern .................................................................................................................... 115 Animating the colour table ............................................................................................................... 116 More colour table animation ............................................................................................................ 118 17. TMS9918A - Sprites ....................................................................................................................... 120 17.1. Using Sprites.......................................................................................................................... 122 17.2. On with Our Demo ................................................................................................................ 123 Sprite shapes ..................................................................................................................................... 123 Loading Sprite Patterns ..................................................................................................................... 124 Draw Our Sprites ............................................................................................................................... 124 Animate Our Sprites .......................................................................................................................... 126 Move Our Sprites .............................................................................................................................. 128 18. Generating Sounds ........................................................................................................................ 130 18.1. SN76389A Sound Chip .......................................................................................................... 130 18.2. Sound Example ...................................................................................................................... 133 19. Sound Effects ................................................................................................................................ 135 19.1. OS 7 BIOS Sound ................................................................................................................... 136 Sounds Effects and Music Data ......................................................................................................... 136 Sound Address Table ......................................................................................................................... 139 19.2. Player Shooting ..................................................................................................................... 140 19.3. Player Laser Hitting an Enemy .............................................................................................. 144 19.4. Enemy Hitting Player ............................................................................................................. 145 19.5. Enemy Hitting the Ground .................................................................................................... 147 19.6. Adding the Sound Effects to our Game ................................................................................. 149 Adding Player Shooting Sound .......................................................................................................... 149 Adding Enemy Object Destroyed Sound ........................................................................................... 150 Adding Player Ship Destroyed Sound ................................................................................................ 151 Adding Enemy Object Hitting Planet Surface Sound ........................................................................ 152 20. Playing Music ................................................................................................................................ 153 20.1. Converting Notes to Frequencies.......................................................................................... 153 20.2. Play a Tune ............................................................................................................................ 154 20.3. Improving the Tune ............................................................................................................... 157 20.4. Adding the 2nd Track .............................................................................................................. 159 20.5. Stopping the Music ............................................................................................................... 162 21. Where to from here ...................................................................................................................... 163 Page | 6 21.1. More Enemies ....................................................................................................................... 163 21.2. More Complex Enemies ........................................................................................................ 163 21.3. Extra Lives ............................................................................................................................. 163 21.4. Increased Difficulty ............................................................................................................... 163 21.5. Music ..................................................................................................................................... 163 21.6. Arcade Touches ..................................................................................................................... 163 22. Appendix A – ColecoVision BIOS Functions (OS 7) ........................................................................ 164 TURN_OFF_SOUND ........................................................................................................................... 164 SOUND_INIT ...................................................................................................................................... 165 PLAY_IT .............................................................................................................................................. 166 PLAY_SONGS ..................................................................................................................................... 167 SOUND_MAN .................................................................................................................................... 168 22.1. Video Routines ...................................................................................................................... 169 FILL_VRAM ........................................................................................................................................ 169 GAME_OPT ........................................................................................................................................ 170 GET_VRAM ........................................................................................................................................ 171 INIT_SPR_ORDER ............................................................................................................................... 172 INIT_TABLE ........................................................................................................................................ 173 LOAD_ASCII ....................................................................................................................................... 174 MODE_1 ............................................................................................................................................ 175 PUT_VRAM ........................................................................................................................................ 176 READ_REGISTER ................................................................................................................................ 177 READ_VRAM ..................................................................................................................................... 178 WRITE_REGISTER .............................................................................................................................. 179 WRITE_VRAM .................................................................................................................................... 180 WR_SPR_NM_TBL (EOS WR_SPR_ATTRIBUT) ................................................................................... 181 22.2. Object Routines ..................................................................................................................... 182 ACTIVATE ........................................................................................................................................... 183 CALC_OFFSET .................................................................................................................................... 184 GET_BKGRND .................................................................................................................................... 185 INIT_WRITER ..................................................................................................................................... 186 PUTCOMPLEX .................................................................................................................................... 187 PUT_FRAME ...................................................................................................................................... 188 PUT_MOBILE ..................................................................................................................................... 189 PUTOBJ .............................................................................................................................................. 190 Page | 7 PUTSEMI ............................................................................................................................................ 191 PUT0SPRITE ....................................................................................................................................... 192 PX_TO_PTRN_POS ............................................................................................................................. 193 SET_UP_WRITE .................................................................................................................................. 194 WRITER .............................................................................................................................................. 195 22.3. Timer Routines ...................................................................................................................... 196 Timer Data Structures ....................................................................................................................... 196 FREE_SIGNAL ..................................................................................................................................... 197 INIT_TIMER........................................................................................................................................ 198 REQUEST_SIGNAL.............................................................................................................................. 199 TEST_SIGNAL ..................................................................................................................................... 200 TIME_MGR ........................................................................................................................................ 201 22.4. Controller Routines ............................................................................................................... 202 ARM_DBNCE ..................................................................................................................................... 203 CONT_READ ...................................................................................................................................... 204 CONTROLLER_INIT ............................................................................................................................ 205 CONTROLLER_SCAN .......................................................................................................................... 206 DECODER ........................................................................................................................................... 207 FIRE_DBNCE ...................................................................................................................................... 208 JOY_DBNCE ....................................................................................................................................... 209 KBD_DBNCE....................................................................................................................................... 210 POLLER .............................................................................................................................................. 211 UPDATE_SPINNER ............................................................................................................................. 212 22.5. Graphics Primitives ............................................................................................................... 213 ENLARGE ........................................................................................................................................... 214 REFLECT_HORZONTAL ....................................................................................................................... 215 REFLECT_VERTICAL ........................................................................................................................... 216 ROTATE_90........................................................................................................................................ 217 22.6. Miscellaneous Functions ....................................................................................................... 218 ADD816 ............................................................................................................................................. 218 BOOT_UP .......................................................................................................................................... 219 DECLSN .............................................................................................................................................. 220 DECMSN ............................................................................................................................................ 221 DISPLAY_LOGO .................................................................................................................................. 222 MSNTOLSN ........................................................................................................................................ 223 Page | 8 POWER_UP........................................................................................................................................ 224 RAND_GEN ........................................................................................................................................ 225 23. Appendix B – Adam Computer EOS .............................................................................................. 226 23.1. EOS Initialisation ................................................................................................................... 226 23.2. EOS Memory Map ................................................................................................................. 226 23.3. EOS Error Codes .................................................................................................................... 227 23.4. EOS Functions ....................................................................................................................... 228 System Operations ............................................................................................................................ 228 Simple Device Operations ................................................................................................................. 231 File Manager Operations .................................................................................................................. 237 Device Driver Operations .................................................................................................................. 243 24. Appendix C – Memory Map .......................................................................................................... 247 24.1. Memory Maps ....................................................................................................................... 247 ColecoVision General Memory Map ................................................................................................. 247 Adam General Memory Map ............................................................................................................ 247 24.2. Complete OS 7’ RAM Map .................................................................................................... 248 25. Appendix D – Z80 I/O Ports Assignments ..................................................................................... 250 25.1. ColecoVision Console ............................................................................................................ 250 Video Display Processor .................................................................................................................... 250 Sound Generator ............................................................................................................................... 250 Game Controller ................................................................................................................................ 250 Modem .............................................................................................................................................. 250 Expansion connector #2 .................................................................................................................... 250 Memory Map .................................................................................................................................... 250 Network reset ................................................................................................................................... 250 25.2. Adam Computer .................................................................................................................... 251 Memory Bank Switch Port (7fh) ........................................................................................................ 253 26. Appendix E – Distributing Your Title ............................................................................................. 254 26.1. Standard Cartridges .............................................................................................................. 254 26.2. MegaCart ............................................................................................................................... 255 26.3. High-Speed Tape ................................................................................................................... 256 27. References .................................................................................................................................... 257 27.1. References ............................................................................................................................ 257 27.2. Image Sources ....................................................................................................................... 257 28. Index .............................................................................................................................................. 258 Page | 9 Page | 10

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