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00 ProgABS2E FM 2/23/15 8:30 PM Page i Programming for the Absolute Beginner, Second Edition Jerry Lee Ford, Jr. Cengage Learning PTR Australia, Brazil, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Singapore, Spain, United Kingdom, United States 00 ProgABS2E FM 2/23/15 8:30 PM Page ii Programming for the Absolute Beginner, © 2016 Cengage Learning PTR. Second Edition WCN: 01-100 Jerry Lee Ford, Jr. CENGAGE and CENGAGE LEARNING are registered trademarks of Cengage Learning, Inc., within the United States and certain other jurisdictions. Publisher and General Manager, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright Cengage Learning PTR: herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by Stacy L. Hiquet any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, Associate Director of Marketing: information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, Sarah Panella except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Manager of Editorial Services: Heather Talbot Senior Product Manager: For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Mitzi Koontz Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. For permission to use material from this text or product, Project Editor/Copy Editor: submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions. Karen A. Gill Further permissions questions can be emailed to Technical Reviewer: [email protected]. Keith Davenport Interior Layout: Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Shawn Morningstar Corporation in the United States and other countries. Just BASIC is © Shoptalk Systems 2004. Cover Designer: Mike Tanamachi All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. All images © Cengage Learning unless otherwise noted. Indexer: Valerie Haynes Perry Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953142 ISBN-13: 978-1-305-50443-1 Proofreader: Jenny Davidson ISBN-10: 1-305-50443-7 eISBN-10: 1-305-50445-3 Cengage Learning PTR 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at: international.cengage.com/region. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your lifelong learning solutions, visit cengageptr.com. Visit our corporate website at cengage.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 00 ProgABS2E FM 2/23/15 8:30 PM Page iii To my father and my children, Alexander, William, and Molly, and to my beautiful wife, Mary. 00 ProgABS2E FM 2/23/15 8:30 PM Page iv Acknowledgments There are numerous individuals to whom I owe thanks for their help, guidance, and assistance in the development of the second edition of this book. I should begin thanking Mitzi Koontz who served as the book’s acquisitions editor. I wish to thank Karen Gill for bringing her invaluable talents to bear as this book’s project editor. I also want to thank the book’s technical editor, Keith Davenport, for his technical input and advice. In addition, I would like to thank everyone else at Cengage Learning for all their hard work. About the Author Jerry Lee Ford, Jr.is an educator and IT professional with more than 25 years of experience in information technology, including roles as an automation analyst, technical manager, technical support analyst, automation engineer, and security analyst. He is the author of 40 books and the coauthor of two additional books. His published works include Microsoft WSH and VBScript Programming for the Absolute Beginner; Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 Express Programming for the Absolute Beginner; HTML, XHTML, and CSS for the Absolute Beginner; XNA 3.1 Game Development for Teens; and Game Maker Programming for Teens. Jerry has a master’s degree in business administration from Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia, and has more than 5 years of experience as an adjunct instructor teaching networking courses in information technology. iv 00 ProgABS2E FM 2/23/15 8:30 PM Page v Table of Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv PART I I NTRODUCTION TO C P OMPUTER ROGRAMMING 1 Introduction to Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Project Preview: The Knock Knock Joke Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Getting Started. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Programming Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Deciding What Programming Language to Learn and Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Creating Your Own Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Mastering the Art of Program Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Talking in a Language Computers Understand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Machine Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Assembly Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Fortran and COBOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C++ and Objective-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 BASIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 v 00 ProgABS2E FM 2/23/15 8:30 PM Page vi vi Programming for the Absolute Beginner, Second Edition Other Types of Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Scripting Languages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Embedded Application Languages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Web Development Languages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Database Languages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Finding the Right Programming Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Getting Started with Just BASIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Installing Just BASIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Setting Up Just BASIC Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Creating and Executing Your First BASIC Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Back to the Knock Knock Joke Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Designing the Game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 The Final Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2 Creating Programs with Just BASIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Project Preview: The Legend of Mighty Molly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Tools of the Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Working with Just BASIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 The World of Just BASIC! Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 The Code Editor Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Configuring Just BASIC Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Notification Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Startup Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Compiler Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Environmental Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Other Configuration Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Working with Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Opening and Saving Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Killing Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Other Just BASIC Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Designing Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 The Just BASIC Debugger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Building Standalone Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Creating a Tokenized File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Distributing Your Just BASIC Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 00 ProgABS2E FM 2/23/15 8:30 PM Page vii Table of Contents vii Back to the Legend of Mighty Molly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Designing the Game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 The Final Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3 Creating Graphical User Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Project Preview: The BASIC Crazy 8 Ball Game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Mainwin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 GUI Application Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Working with Application Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Regular Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Text Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Graphics Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Dialog Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Window Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Opening and Closing Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Event Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Specifying Windows Size and Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Setting Foreground and Background Colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Setting Font Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Adding Controls to Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Reviewing Just BASIC Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Setting Control Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Enabling and Disabling Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Specifying the Control Font and Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Building Application Menus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Building Interfaces with FreeForm-J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Designing an Application Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Using FreeForm-J to Build Window Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Using FreeForm-J to Generate Source Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Taking Advantage of Built-In Dialogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Confirm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Filedialog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 00 ProgABS2E FM 2/23/15 8:30 PM Page viii viii Programming for the Absolute Beginner, Second Edition Back to the BASIC Crazy 8 Ball Game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Designing the Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 The Final Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 PART II L H W EARNING OW TO RITE B P ASIC ROGRAMS 4 Working with Variables and Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Project Preview: The Ask Genie Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Working with Program Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Exploring Different Ways of Storing Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Working with Different Types of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Learning How to Work with Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Declaring Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Storing Data in Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Understanding Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Variable Naming Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Converting Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Working with Numeric Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Functions That Manipulate Strings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Storing Data in Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Creating an Array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Retrieving Data from an Array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Resizing an Array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Reserved Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Back to the Ask Genie Game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Designing the Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 The Final Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 00 ProgABS2E FM 2/23/15 8:30 PM Page ix Table of Contents ix 5 Making Decisions with Conditional Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Project Preview: The Rock, Paper, Scissors Game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Building Adaptive Applications with Conditional Logic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Working with the if…then Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Understanding if…then Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Creating Single Line if…then Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Creating Multiple-Line if…then Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Checking for Alternative Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Exploring the Power of Nesting if…then Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Working with the select...case Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Performing Different Types of Comparison Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Performing Mathematic Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Order of Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Overriding the Rules of Precedence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Combining and Negating Comparison Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Back to the Rock, Paper, Scissors Game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Designing the Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 The Final Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6 Using Loops to Process Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Project Preview: The Guess My Number Game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Using Loops to Repeat Statement Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 The do...while Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 The do...until Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 The for...next Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 The while…wend Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Looking Out for Endless Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Busting Out of Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Back to the Guess My Number Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Designing the Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 The Final Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

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Are you interested in learning to program computers? PROGRAMMING FOR THE ABSOLUTE BEGINNER, SECOND EDITION is a friendly guide that will teach you the fundamentals of computer programming through the hands-on (and fun!) development of computer games. This book teaches programming using Just BASIC, a
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