Profitable Agroforestry Innovations for Eastern Africa

388 Pages·2007·29.3 MB·English

Profi table
Agroforestry
Innovations for
Eastern Africa
Experience from
10 agroclimatic
zones of Ethiopia,
India, Kenya, Tanzania
and Uganda
Azene Bekele-Tesemma
Editor

Profi table Agroforestry Innovations
for Eastern Africa
Experience from 10 agroclimatic zones of
Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda

Azene Bekele-Tesemma
Editor
2007
Publisher
Regional Land Management Unit (RELMA in ICRAF project), World
Agroforestry Centre, Eastern Africa Region, PO Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Copyright © 2007 World Agroforestry Centre
Correct citiation:
Bekele-Tesemma, Azene, ed. 2007. Profi table agroforestry innovations for eastern Africa: experience
from 10 agroclimatic zones of Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. World Agroforestry
Centre (ICRAF), Eastern Africa Region.
ISBN 92 9059 2133
The contents of this manual may be reproduced without special permission; however,
acknowledgement of the source is requested. Views expressed in this publication are
those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the views of the publisher.
Language editing: Susan Scull-Carvalho, Managing Director, Jacaranda Designs Ltd,
and Helen van Houten
Graphic design and layout: Jacaranda Designs Ltd,
PO Box 1202, Nairobi 00606, Kenya
email: [email protected]
Printed at Jacaranda Designs Ltd, Nairobi, Kenya
Contents
Contributing authors ............................................................................................................................................v
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................vi
Preface ...........................................................................................................................................viii
Abbreviations and terms ....................................................................................................................................ix
Part I Introduction and how to use this book ...................... 1
Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................3
1.1 Background to the study ...............................................................................................3
1.2 Agroclimatic zones ..........................................................................................................5
Chapter 2 How to use this book ................................................................11
Part II Profi table agroforestry innovations of different
agroclimatic zones .....................................................15
Chapter 3 Agroforestry innovations suitable for Dry Hot-lowlands ......................17
3.1 Prosopis-based agrisilvipastoral system in India .....................................................17
Chapter 4 Agroforestry innovations suitable for Moist Hot-lowlands .................25
4.1 Agrisilvihorticultural system in the Central Plateau Region of India .................25
4.2 Cajanus cajan cum millet farming in Uganda..............................................................32
Chapter 5 Agroforestry innovations suitable for Dry Lowlands ...........................41
5.1 Melia volkensii cum food crop farming system in Kenya ........................................41
5.2 Improved mangoes and mixed cereal farming in Kenya ........................................51
5.3 Banana-based multistorey gardens of Ethiopia .......................................................61
5.4 Improved fallows of Tanzania ......................................................................................73
5.5 Rotational woodlot farming systems of Tanzania ...................................................79
5.6 Apiculture-based farming system of Tanzania ..........................................................85
Chapter 6 Agroforestry innovations suitable for Moist Lowlands .......................93
6.1 Vitellaria paradoxa cum millet agroforestry in Uganda ...........................................93
6.2 Banana–calliandra integrated agroforestry in Uganda .........................................103
6.3 Populusdeltoides–based agroforestry in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India .....113
6.4 Maize–grevillea system in the coffee zones of Kenya ..........................................122
6.5 Jatropha curcas-based agroforestry in Tanzania ....................................................131
Chapter 7 Agroforestry innovations suitable for Wet Lowlands ........................137
7.1 Eucalyptus-based agroforestry system, Southern Plateau region, India ...........137
7.2 Multipurpose trees and spice-based agroforestry in the Coastal region
of India ...........................................................................................................................145
7.3 Improved fallow innovation for soil fertility improvement in western
Kenya ..............................................................................................................................152
iii
Chapter 8 Agroforestry innovations suitable for Dry Mid-highlands .................163
8.1 Tef and acacia integrated agroforestry system, Ethiopia ....................................163
8.2 Boundary eucalyptus and cereal crops in agroforestry farming systems
of Ethiopia .....................................................................................................................172
8.3 Ngitiri farming system of Tanzania .............................................................................184
Chapter 9 Agroforestry innovations suitable for Moist Mid-highlands ..............195
9.1 Conservation-based agroforestry innovation in Ethiopia ..................................195
9.2 Agroforestry innovation that involves high-value perennials in Uganda .........201
9.3 Vertically and horizontally packaged agroforestry farming in Ethiopia ...........211
9.4 Calliandra-based fodder production systems in Kenya .......................................220
9.5 Multistrata perennial crop agroforestry system in Ethiopia ..............................230
9.6 Apple tree cum annual crop farming in the Kigezi highlands of
Uganda ...........................................................................................................................241
9.7 Shade tree-based coffee–banana farming systems of Uganda ...........................252
9.8 Temperate fruits and fodder farming in Kiambu District of Kenya ..................260
9.9 Calliandra-based agroforestry farming in the central highlands of Kenya ......269
9.10 Homegarden farming system of Tanzania ...............................................................277
9.11 Taungya cultivation in an agroforestry system of Tanzania .................................287
Chapter 10 Agroforestry Innovations suitable for Wet Mid-highlands ................295
10.1 Grewia-based agroforestry farming systems of India ..........................................295
10.2 Multipurpose tree-based agroforestry systems in the eastern
Himalayan region, India .............................................................................................303
10.3 Enset–coffee–tree–spice-based agroforestry system in Ethiopia .....................311
10.4 Vitex keniensis cum food crops in farmlands of Meru, Kenya .............................321
Chapter 11 Agroforestry innovations suitable for Moist Highlands .....................331
11.1 Pome fruit trees cum enset and vegetable farming in Ethiopia .........................331
Chapter 12 Agroforestry innovations suitable for Wet Highlands .......................341
12.1 Bamboo cum cereal farming system in Ethiopia ...................................................341
References ..................................................................................................353
iv
Contributing authors
Azene Bekele-Tesemma
World Agroforestry Centre, eastern Africa Region, PO Box 30677, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
email: [email protected]
GPS Dhillon
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana – 141 004, India
email: c/o p.singh@cgiar,org
RIS Gill
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana –141 004, India
email: c/o [email protected]
Ufoo C Lema,
Forestry Training Institute,
Olmotonyi Tanzania
email: [email protected]
Daniel Mugendi
Kenyatta University School of Environmental Studies and Human Sciences, Department of
Environmental, Sciences,
PO Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
email: [email protected]
Jayne Mugwe
Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Muguga. PO Box 20412, Nairobi 00200, Kenya.
email: [email protected]
Mesele Negash
Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Southern University, Shashemene, Ethiopia
email: [email protected]
Nigussie Hachalu
Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Southern University, Shashemene, Ethiopia
email: [email protected]
C. Okia
Forestry Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organisation,
PO Box 1752, Kampala, Uganda
email: c/o [email protected]
John Okorio
Forestry Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organisation,
PO Box 1752, Kampala, Uganda
email: [email protected]
V. Opolot
Forestry Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organisation,
PO Box 1752, Kampala, Uganda
email: c/o [email protected]
John Sekatuba
Forestry Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organisation,
PO Box 1752, Kampala, Uganda
email: c/o [email protected]
DS Sidhu
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana – 141 004, India
email: J.P.Noor@cgiar.
Tesfaye Teshome
Director, Higher education Relevance and quality agenda, Ministry of Education,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
email: [email protected]
v
Foreword
Many note that scientists and practitioners have generated abundant agro-
forestry knowledge. They equally note that one major weakness has been
the fact that the science and practice of agroforestry has not been ef-
fectively communicated to extension providers for wider application. As
a result, agroforestry science has been constrained in transforming the
wellbeing of African farmers.
In instances where agroforestry research has produced important ad-
vances, it has been challenging to obtain and interpret situation-specifi c
feedback from implementers. This has limited the contributions by agrofor-
estry practitioners to the refi nement of the scientifi c agenda. One major
problem in getting valuable situation-specifi c feedback has been the lack of
analyses with respect to commonly understood physiographic dimensions.
Natural conditions—climate and soils—are the framework for land man-
agement and sustainable farming systems. This publication uses this frame-
work to compile agroforestry innovations by agroclimatic zone suitable
for countries in eastern Africa. Each of these agroclimatic zone classes can
then be further customized to country-specifi c situations by using addi-
tional variables related to soil, natural vegetation, traditional moisture man-
agement, and cropping type and pattern. At the same time, the economic,
cultural and social dimensions are equally important modifi ers.
The book documents agroforestry innovations that are already in use, and
thus provides a frame for further customizing the innovations to the farm-
ing culture and socio-economic variation within the major agro-climatic
zones of the region. Priority has been given to agroforestry innovations
that are profi table or judged to have the greatest potential for profi tability.
vi
The study also brought out a number of research questions and knowledge
gaps that are related to further improvement of each innovation. Therefore,
this work addresses not only the interests of the end users—smallholder
farmers—but also the research community.
We are grateful to all those who participated in preparing the compen-
dium, and the special efforts made by Dr Azene Bekele-Tesemma in co-
ordinating the study and compiling the work. We look forward to seeing
this handbook widely used as a basis for more rapidly accelerating the
deployment of agroforestry to improve food security and increase rural
prosperity among smallholder farmers in Africa.
Dennis Garrity
Director General
World Agroforestry Centre
vii
Preface
It gives me a great pleasure to technically edit this Technical Handbook:
Profi table agroforestry innovations: experiences from 10 agroclimatic zones of
Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. With the committed work of
my colleagues, the contributing authors, the handbook sets out experi-
ences from 10 agroclimatic zones. It aims to provide development agents
and farmers with agroforestry options. It equally lays the groundwork for
cross-fertilization of agroforestry knowledge and expertise by harmonizing
the areas where such innovations could be tried elsewhere in eastern Af-
rica. I hope these innovations will be replicated widely and a lot of learning
and improvement will be possible.
The handbook aims to help farmers and development agents do a better
job in a multidisciplinary manner. Profi tability goes beyond the farm con-
text. Therefore, a number of policy and market issues are presented in rela-
tion to each of the agroforestry innovations. Policy and value-chain issues
are equally at target. Everyone can have a share in sharpening the science
and helping improve the innovations.
As much as the farmers and the development agents are targeted so are the
academicians---researchers. Each of the agroforestry innovations presents
the currently existing knowledge gaps and research questions.
I would like to thank the Swedish International Development Coopera-
tion Agency (Sida) for fi nancing this work by making it my activity in the
RELMA-in-ICRAF project. I am grateful to the contributing authors and the
many individuals who also contributed in one way or another to compiling
this handbook.
I also thank Ms Susan Scull-Carvalho and Ms Helen van Houten of Jaca-
randa Designs for their extensive editorial help in preparing this handbook
for publication.
Azene Bekele-Tessema
Editor
viii