profile of 12-v voltage-regulated lead-acid battery

107 Pages·2017·3.34 MB·English

PROFILE OF 12-V VOLTAGE-REGULATED
LEAD-ACID BATTERY

A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Master of
Philosophy in the Faculty of Science and Engineering

2017

FAIZ HUSNAYAIN

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Table of Contents
Table of Contents .................................................................................................... 2
List of Figures .......................................................................................................... 5
List of Tables ............................................................................................................ 9
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................. 10
List of Symbols....................................................................................................... 11
Abstract ................................................................................................................. 12
Declaration ............................................................................................................ 13
Intellectual Property Statement ........................................................................... 14
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................ 15
1. Introduction and Literature Review .............................................................. 16
1.1 Motivation ............................................................................................... 16
1.2 Aim and Objective .................................................................................... 19
1.3 Thesis structure ....................................................................................... 19
1.4 Literature Review ..................................................................................... 20
1.4.1. Advanced Lead-Acid Battery ........................................................... 21
1.4.2. Battery Management System ......................................................... 29
1.4.3. SoC-SoH Estimation Methods ......................................................... 32
1.4.4. Charging Method for Lead-Acid Battery ......................................... 41
1.4.5. Summary ......................................................................................... 43
2. Measurement and Acquisition System .......................................................... 44
2.1. Testing Scenario ....................................................................................... 44
2.1.1. Charging Test Using Commercial Smart Charging........................... 44
2.1.2. Discharging Test Variable ................................................................ 44
2.2. Experiment Circuit Test and Procedure ................................................... 48
2.2.1. DMM Set-up .................................................................................... 49
2.2.2. Keysight BenchVue .......................................................................... 50
2.3. Data Processing ........................................................................................ 51
2.3.1. Matlab Function for Data Processing from DMM to Matlab .......... 51
2.3.2. Total Charge Calculation for Qdis and Qcha of Each Test............... 51
2.3.3. Graph Profile of Charging - Discharging Test .................................. 53
2.3.4. SoC Calculation of Each Battery: ..................................................... 54
2.4. Summary .................................................................................................. 57
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3. Results and Discussion ................................................................................... 58
3.1. Commercial Charger Profile ..................................................................... 58
3.1.1. Control Strategy .............................................................................. 59
3.1.2. Charging Test Results ...................................................................... 63
3.1.3. Summary of Typical Charger Characteristics .................................. 67
3.2. Battery Performance Test ........................................................................ 70
3.2.1. Discharge Profile for R=2.78 Ω ....................................................... 71
3.2.2. Summary of Continuous Discharge Test ......................................... 72
3.2.3. Intermittent Discharge Test ............................................................ 75
3.2.4. Summary of Intermittent Discharge Test........................................ 79
3.3. State of Charge Estimation ...................................................................... 80
3.3.1. Discharge Test ................................................................................. 80
3.3.2. Open Circuit Voltage ....................................................................... 80
3.3.3. Coulomb Counting .......................................................................... 81
3.3.4. Summary of SOC Estimation ........................................................... 81
3.4. Summary of Battery Performance ........................................................... 81
3.4.1. Discharge Rate ................................................................................ 81
3.4.2. Initial SoC / Battery Voltage ............................................................ 81
3.4.3. Cycle Number .................................................................................. 81
3.4.4. Temperature ................................................................................... 82
4. Conclusion and Future Work ......................................................................... 83
4.1. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 83
4.2. Suggestion for Future Work ..................................................................... 84
5. References ..................................................................................................... 85
6. Appendix 1: Experiment Results .................................................................... 91
6.1. Profile 12Ah ............................................................................................. 91
6.1.1. Discharge Profile for R=12.3 Ω ....................................................... 93
6.1.2. Discharge Profile for R=3.35 Ω ....................................................... 94
6.1.3. Discharge Profile for R=1.31 Ω ....................................................... 95
6.2. Profile 10Ah ............................................................................................. 96
6.2.1. R1 (V-I Profile, V-Q Characteristic, R-Q Characteristic) ................... 96
6.2.2. R2 (V-I Profile, V-Q Characteristic, R-Q Characteristic) ................... 97
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6.2.3. R3 (V-I Profile, V-Q Characteristic, R-Q Characteristic) ................... 98
6.2.4. R4 (V-I Profile, V-Q Characteristic, R-Q Characteristic) ................... 99
6.3. Profile 7Ah ............................................................................................. 100
6.3.1. R1 (V-I Profile, V-Q Characteristic, R-Q Characteristic) ................. 100
6.3.2. R2 (V-I Profile, V-Q Characteristic, R-Q Characteristic) ................. 101
6.3.3. R3 (V-I Profile, V-Q Characteristic, R-Q Characteristic) ................. 102
6.3.4. R4 (V-I Profile, V-Q Characteristic, R-Q Characteristic) ................. 103

Final words count: 22690
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List of Figures
Figure 1 UK greenhouse gas emission 2014 [1] .................................................... 16
Figure 2 Problem statement of the research ........................................................ 18
Figure 3 Impact of discharge rate on battery SoC [16] ......................................... 24
Figure 4 Discharge rate effect on voltage profile [12] .......................................... 26
Figure 5 Z normalized for a 17.2Ah VRLA battery under different C rate Vs time [17]
............................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 6 Battery capacity Vs ambient temperature [15] ...................................... 28
Figure 7 (a) BMS main function [18] and (b) its features [23] .............................. 30
Figure 8 Process of BMS working principle [18] ................................................... 31
Figure 9 Estimated Q Vs VOC [39] ......................................................................... 33
Figure 10 OCV method based on asymptote calculation [25] .............................. 34
Figure 11 Flow chart of coulomb counting estimation method ........................... 36
Figure 12 Resistance Vs SoC of VRLA (a) 6Ah [44] and (b) 20Ah [45] ................... 38
Figure 13 Two pulse current method [43] ............................................................ 38
Figure 14 RC battery model schematic [46] .......................................................... 39
Figure 15 Experiment Setup .................................................................................. 48
Figure 16 Matlab code to convert date file .......................................................... 51
Figure 17 Matlab code to calculate battery capacity ........................................... 52
Figure 18 Matlab code to filter V and I data sampling ......................................... 53
Figure 19 Matlab code to plot the battery V-Q profile ......................................... 54
Figure 20 OCV estimation method using asymptote model ................................. 55
Figure 21 Flow chart of Coulomb Counting Method modified from [12] ............. 57
Figure 22 Three-step commercial charger profile ................................................ 59
Figure 23 Pulse and Qcha Profile of Commercial Charger .................................... 61
Figure 24 Comparison of I of Commercial Charger during (a) CC; (b) CV-1; (c)
pulse
CV-2 ....................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 25 Comparison of ΔQ-charged during (a) CC; (b) CV-1; (c) CV-2 ............... 63
Figure 26 (a) VI and (b) VQ Charge Profile VRLA 12Ah ......................................... 64
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Figure 27 VQ Charge Characteristic 12Ah (a) case1; (b) case2; (c) case3; (d) case4
............................................................................................................................... 65
Figure 28 Comparison of (a) Self-Recovery and (b) Normal Mode ....................... 66
Figure 29 Flowchart charging method .................................................................. 68
Figure 30 (a) VI and (b) VQ Discharge Profile VRLA 12Ah ..................................... 71
Figure 31 (a) VQ and (b) RQ Discharge Characteristic VRLA 12Ah........................ 72
Figure 32 Comparison Vdis Profile VRLA 12Ah-12V .............................................. 73
Figure 33 Comparison of VQ Characteristic VRLA 12Ah-12V ................................ 74
Figure 34 Comparison RQ Characteristic VRLA 12Ah-12V .................................... 75
Figure 35 VI Intermittent Discharge Profile (a) Vdis and (b) Idis of VRLA 12Ah-12V
............................................................................................................................... 76
Figure 36 VQ Intermittent Discharge Profile VRLA 12Ah-12V .............................. 76
Figure 37 VQ Intermittent Discharge Characteristic VRLA 12Ah-12V................... 77
Figure 38 VI and VQ Intermittent Discharge Profile VRLA 10Ah-12V ................... 78
Figure 39 VQ Intermittent Discharge Profile VRLA 10Ah-12V .............................. 79
Figure 40 (a) VI and (b) VQ Charge Profile VRLA 12Ah, R=12.3Ω ......................... 91
Figure 41 (a) VI and (b) VQ Charge Profile VRLA 12Ah, R=3.35Ω ......................... 91
Figure 42 (a) VI and (b) VQ Charge Profile VRLA 12Ah, R=1.31Ω ......................... 92
Figure 43 (a) VI and (b) VQ Discharge Profile VRLA 12Ah, R=12.3Ω..................... 93
Figure 44 (a) VQ and (b) RQ Discharge Characteristic VRLA 12Ah, R=12.3Ω ....... 93
Figure 45 (a) VI and (b) VQ Discharge Profile VRLA 12Ah, R=3.35Ω..................... 94
Figure 46 (a) VQ and (b) RQ Discharge Characteristic VRLA 12Ah, R=3.35Ω ....... 95
Figure 47 (a) VI and (b) VQ Discharge Profile VRLA 12Ah, R=1.31Ω..................... 95
Figure 48 (a) VQ and (b) RQ Discharge Characteristic VRLA 12Ah, R=1.31Ω ....... 96
Figure 49 VI Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 10Ah, R=12.3Ω ........................ 96
Figure 50 VQ Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 10Ah, R=12.3Ω ...................... 97
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Figure 51 VQ Charge-Discharge Characteristic VRLA 10Ah, R=12.3Ω .................. 97
Figure 52 VI Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 10Ah, R=3.35Ω ........................ 97
Figure 53 VQ Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 10Ah, R=3.35Ω ...................... 98
Figure 54 VQ Charge-Discharge Characteristic VRLA 10Ah, R=3.35Ω .................. 98
Figure 55 VI Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 10Ah, R=2.78Ω ........................ 98
Figure 56 VQ Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 10Ah, R=2.78Ω ...................... 99
Figure 57 VQ Charge-Discharge Characteristic VRLA 10Ah, R=2.78Ω .................. 99
Figure 58 VI Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 10Ah, R=1.31Ω ........................ 99
Figure 59 VQ Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 10Ah, R=1.31Ω .................... 100
Figure 60 VI Charge-Discharge Characteristic VRLA 10Ah, R=1.31Ω .................. 100
Figure 61 VI Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 7Ah, R=12.3Ω ........................ 100
Figure 62 VQ Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 7Ah, R=12.3Ω ...................... 101
Figure 63 VQ Charge-Discharge Characteristic VRLA 7Ah, R=12.3Ω .................. 101
Figure 64 VI Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 7Ah, R=3.35Ω ........................ 101
Figure 65 VQ Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 7Ah, R=3.35Ω ...................... 102
Figure 66 VQ Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 7Ah, R=3.35Ω ...................... 102
Figure 67 VI Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 7Ah, R=2.78Ω ........................ 102
Figure 68 VQ Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 7Ah, R=2.78Ω ...................... 103
Figure 69 VI Charge-Discharge Characteristic VRLA 7Ah, R=2.78Ω .................... 103
Figure 70 VI Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 7Ah, R=1.31Ω ........................ 103
Figure 71 VQ Charge-Discharge Test Profile VRLA 7Ah, R=1.31Ω ...................... 104
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Figure 72 VQ Charge-Discharge Characteristic VRLA 7Ah, R=1.31Ω .................. 104
Figure 73 Comparison Vdis Profile VRLA 7Ah-12V .............................................. 104
Figure 74 Comparison QV Characteristic VRLA 7Ah-12V .................................... 105
Figure 75 Comparison RQ Characteristic VRLA 7Ah-12V .................................... 105
Figure 76 Comparison Vdis Profile VRLA 10Ah-12V ............................................ 106
Figure 77 Comparison VQ Characteristic VRLA 10Ah-12V .................................. 106
Figure 78 Comparison RQ Characteristic VRLA 10Ah-12V .................................. 107

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List of Tables
Table 1 Summary of battery requirements in each vehicle class [2] .................... 20
Table 2 Comparison of battery performance for vehicle application [2], [7] ....... 21
Table 3 Comparison of VRLA charging method .................................................... 43
Table 4 Voltage minimum of 4 different discharge rates [23] .............................. 46
Table 5 Datasheet of VRLA discharge test [16] ..................................................... 46
Table 6 Datasheet for remaining charge [16] ....................................................... 47
Table 7 Summary of charging test result of each battery..................................... 69
Table 8 Total Q in the battery .......................................................................... 69
max
Table 9 Summary of Discharge Profile .................................................................. 71
Table 10 Comparison of discharge test Vs Datasheet 12Ah-12V ......................... 73
Table 11 Comparison discharge test Vs Datasheet 7Ah-12V .............................. 105
Table 12 Comparison discharge test Vs Datasheet 10Ah-12V ............................ 106

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List of Abbreviations
ALAB Advanced Lead-Acid Battery
BESS Battery Energy Storage System
BMS Battery Management System
CC Coulomb counting
CV Constant Voltage
DMM Digital Multi Meter
EFB Enhanced Flooded Batteries
EKF Extended Kalman Filter
EVs Electric Vehicles
GHG Green House Gas
Li-S Lithium Sulfur
OCV Open circuit voltage
RUL Remain Useful Life
SLI Starting, Lighting and Ignition
SoC State of Charge
SoD State of Discharge
SoH State of Health
UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply
VRLAB Voltage-Regulated Lead-Acid Battery

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