Professional Holistic Aromatherapy

52 Pages·2013·7.37 MB·English

ISSN 2167-8596
The International Journal of
Professional Holistic Aromatherapy
Fostering the education and practice of the professional holistic aromatherapist
IJPHA Volume 1 Issue 4 Spring 2013
Yuzu and Dill

Aromatherapy Benefits ANS Regulation for
Elementary School Faculty

East Meets West: An Integrated Viewpoint
for the Skin for Aromatherapeutic Healing

Psychospiritual Profiles of Citrus Oils

Cancer Preventing Properties of Essential
Oil Monoterpenes

Beneficial Blending for Elder Care

Essential Oils and Eye Care

Case Study: Haemorrhoids
www.ijpha.com

Editor From the Editor

Lora Cantele, RA, CMAIA, CSRT
[email protected]
Editorial Advisory Committee Spring is nearly here despite all the snow here in Boul-
Cindy Black, L.Ac. der. It seems fitting that we would be working on an
www.meridianmassageinstitute.com issue about citrus oils, and d-limonene in particular, to
Andrea Butje, LMT, Clinical Aromatherapist help cheer us. This issue takes a look at the therapeutic
www.aromahead.com benefits of monoterpenes. Dr. Mark Brudnak discusses
Linda Byington, RA, Cert. Reflexologist limonene as a chemopreventative agent and Dr. Kang-
Suzanne Catty, LHP, Clinical RA, Cert. Reflexologist Ming Chang strays from the often used Lavender
www.newworldorganics.com (Lavandula angustifolia) to employ the stress-reducing
Eileen Cristina, LMT, Clinical Aromatherapist
benefits of Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) oil in his research study. We also
[email protected]
profile the lesser-known Yuzu (Citrus junos) oil and Dill (Anethum vulgaris).
Debbie Freund, RN, CCAP
Mindy Green, MS, RA, RH (AHG)
www.greenscentsations.com It always makes me smile when we find that we are a step ahead of the
Rhiannon Harris, FIFPA wave of topical posts on facebook. One of the most disturbing is the
www.essentialorc.com much discussed post from an independent essential oil distributor and
Robert Tisserand, Essential Oil Consultant her recommendation to use essential oils in the eyes as a natural means
www.roberttisserand.com of eye care. Robert Tisserand provides the facts. Warning: the photo
Publication contained within the article is very disturbing. Spring cleaning is another
Enhancements Aromatherapy LLC
online topic and Andrea Butje and Linda Byington have some great
5435 Indian Summer Ct
Boulder, CO 80301—USA recipes to share with you for your own natural cleaning products.
Tel: + 815 814 1444 Skype: lora.cantele
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.ijpha.com
The IJPHA continues to provide new ways for you to “look outside the
The IJPHA is published quarterly
box.” Katharine Koeppen personifies the archetypes of citrus oils and
ISSN 2167-8588
Terese Miller discusses the skin from an East meets West perspective.

Disclaimer

The editor/publisher does not accept
responsibility for the opinions, advice and/ One of our aims is to provide you with case studies and information
or recommendations of its contributors. from practitioners. Cynthia Loving shares her Sensible-Solutions
Furthermore, the IJPHA accepts no
Program for elder care and Sharon Falsetto offers her case study on the
responsibility for any incident or injury to
persons or property resulting from the unpleasant topic of haemorrhoids. I encourage you to share your
use of any method, products, instructions
successes as well.
or ideas contained within this publication.

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Author Guidelines

The IJPHA welcomes your articles and Lora Cantele

case studies for submission! Questions,
articles, advertising and subscriptions
inquiries may be submitted to the editor/ On the cover: Yuzu [Citrus junos]
publisher. For information with regard to
article submissions, advertising rates, and Photo courtesy of Hiromi Suzuki © 2011
subscription, you may download our
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The contents of this journal are the copyright of the International Journal of
Professional Holistic Aromatherapy (IJPHA) and may not be reprinted without
permission of the IJPHA. The information contained herein may not necessarily
represent IJPHA’s opinions or views.
3
IJPHA Vol. 1 Issue 4 Spring 2013
In this issue
3 From the Editor
5 Essential Oil Profile: Yuzu
Lora Cantele, RA, CMAIA, CSRT
9 Aromatherapy Benefits Autonomic Nervous System Regulation for
Elementary School Faculty in Taiwan
Kang-Ming Chang, PhD and Chuh-Wei Shen

17 Anethum graveolens: A Traditional Indian Medicinal Herb and Spice
Sayantan Jana, PhD and Gyan Singh Shekhawat, PhD
21 East Meets West: An Integrated Viewpoint of The Skin as an Avenue
of Absorption and Healing in Aromatherapy
Terese Miller, DOM, CA
25 Case Study: Using Essential Oils for the Management of
Haemorrhoids
Sharon Falsetto, Clinical Aromatherapist
27 Let the Sun Shine In: A Psychospiritual Profile of Popular Citrus
Essential Oils
Katharine Koeppen, RA, LMT, NCTMB
31 Cancer-Preventing Properties of Essential Oil Monoterpenes
d-Limonene and Perillyl Alcohol
Mark Brudnak, PhD, ND
37 Beneficial Blending for Elder Care: The Scents-ible Solutions
Aromatherapy Program
Cynthia Loving, Aromatherapist, LMT
43 Natural Spring Cleaning
Andrea Butje, Clinical Aromatherapist and Linda Byington, RA,

Certified Reflexologist
45 Blind Leading the Blind? Essential Oils in Eye Care

Robert Tisserand, Essential Oil Consultant
47 Business Tip
Andrea Butje, Clinical Aromatherapist
48 Book Review
Anita James, SPdipA, MIFPA, Cert Ed.
49 Recipes from the Sensual Kitchen
Kris Wrede, Aromatic Alchemist
50 Good To Know...

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IJPHA Vol. 1 Issue 4 Spring 2013
Essential Oil Profile: Yuzu
by Lora Cantele, RA, CMAIA, CSRT

Yuzu © Bluhazejun/Flickr

Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka; Citrus US Department of Agriculture (USDA) had been
ichangensis x C. reticulata var. austere) propagating for several years. This suggests that
Yuzu may have been imported prior to the 1900s by
Japanese immigrants (Karp, 2003). Today there are
Other names: ch'êng tzu, xiang cheng, oranger du
many varieties and hybrids of Yuzu in Japan and
Kan-Sou, yujanamu
China. The largest producers of Yuzu are Japan and
Korea (Sawamura, 2005).
Botanical family: Rutaceae
Yuzu is commonly used for cooking in much the

same way one would use the juice or rind of a lemon
Botany: Yuzu is believed to be a hybrid between
to enhance the flavor of soups, fish, sweet foods, and
Ichang papeda (Citrus ichangensis) and Satsuma
medicinal teas as the rind is so fragrant. The fruit is
mandarin. Yuzu grows on medium-sized trees,
sour, like a lemon, and not normally eaten as a
approximately 13-18 feet in height, with dense
whole fruit. Ponzu is a tart, watery sauce made from
foliage similar to a bitter orange tree. The fruit,
mirin, seaweed, rice vinegar, and citrus, including
about the size of a mandarin orange, grows on
Yuzu, and is used in Japanese cuisine (Abkenkar,
thorny branches. The fruit rind is a green color that
2003). A tisane or herbal tea can be made from
changes to yellow as it matures in October. The
steeping the fruit rind in hot water. The flavonoid
peel is bumpy and loose-fitting around the fruit itself.
naringenin, found in Yuzu, fruit has been found to be
The flavor is sour like a lemon, but the rind is very
a useful chemopreventive agent against neuro-
fragrant and the fruits are often used to perfume the
degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease
air. The Yuzu is the hardiest of the citrus fruits and
(Heo et al, 2004).
can withstand temperatures as low as 10° F.

History and traditional uses
There have been a few reported studies of the uses
There has been some discussion regarding the
of essential oil of Yuzu peel in cosmetics and
origins of the Yuzu tree. Tyôzaburô Tanaka with the
aromatherapy (Sawamura, 2005). Popular in the
Imperial University wrote that it was thought to have
Japanese culture is a Yuzu bath. Traditionally this is
originated in Korea and from there was introduced
done in connection with Toji (the winter solstice) as
into China, eventually making its way into southern
a preventative measure to ward off colds and
Japan during the Tang Dynasty in the 10th century
seasonal ills. The fruits are wrapped in cheesecloth
A.D. (Taninaka, 1981). Still others insist that Yuzu
or simply cut in half and dropped into a tub of hot
originated in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river,
water. The oil from the fruit produces a tonic effect
in China (Rahman et al, 2001). In 1914, Frank N.
that stimulates the circulatory and digestive systems,
Meyer, a plant explorer for the USDA, found Yuzu
making it useful for general aches and pains,
(which he originally named Kansu orange) growing
rheumatism, and arthritis (Lyth G, 1997-2013).
wild in the southern part of Gansu province. He
collected the seeds and sent them back to the
United States. Later in 1922, Tanaka discovered that
the Kansu orange was the same as the Yuzu that the
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IJPHA Vol. 1 Issue 4 Spring 2013
Extraction information Therapeutic properties
Antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic,
Country of origin: Japan, Korea, China
antispasmodic, antiviral, bactericidal, carminative,
Part of plant used: Fruit peel digestive system tonic/stimulant, expectorant,
Extraction method: Cold expression lipolytic, sedative, stomachic
*Actions highlighted in bold print are referenced
Color of oil: Light green to pale yellow
under 'Research.'

Research
Blending information
The anti-inflammatory effects of limonene from
Odor description: Sweet aroma of blended
yuzu peel were examined with human eosinophilic
citrus scents of grapefruit, bergamot, mandarin, and
leukemia HL-60 clone 15 cells. The results suggest
lime. Among the most odor-active volatiles in
that limonene may have potential anti-inflammatory
Yuzu, (E)-non-6-enal and Yuzunone were identified
efficacy for the treatment of bronchial asthma by
for the first time only in Yuzu peel oil and not in the
inhibiting cytokines, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
peel of other citrus species, and greatly contribute
production, and inactivating eosinophil migration
to the distinct aroma of Yuzu (Miyazawa N et al,
(Hirota R et al, 2010).
2009).
Notes: Middle-Top, Top
Yuzu essential oil inhibits the formation of

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a highly toxic
Safety
contaminant found in drinking water and vegetables
Yuzu essential oil may be photosensitizing. Older,
(Sawamura et al, 1999; 2005).
oxidized oils have the potential for skin irritation

similar to other citrus oils and oils high in
monoterpenes like conifers. Yuzu was found to be potentially more lipolytic
(breaks down stored fat) than the popular rasp-
berry ketones. Lipolytic effect was found to be high
Chemical constituents
when the oils included a higher content of gamma-
Chemical feature: The essential oil is
terpinene and para-cymene. Limonene showed
characterized by a high percentage of monoterpene
potential lipolytic effect, and its effect is likely to be
hydrocarbons, predominantly d-limonene,
enhanced by the presence of gamma-terpinene and
γ-terpinene, β-phellandrene, myrcene, linalool, and
para-cymene (Choi H S, 2006).
α-pinene. While there is not a lot written about
Yuzu, and research is limited, its chemical profile is
very similar to Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) with the Formulas using Yuzu
addition of β-phellandrene which adds to its unique
aroma.
Uplifting synergy
5 ml Yuzu (Citrus junos)
Chemical profile for Yuzu (Citrus junos)
5 ml Petitgrain sur fleur (Citrus aurantium var. amara
Chemical family Components
Monoterpenes d-limonene 75.77, γ-terpinene 8.79, β-phellandrene fol. and flos.)
3.09, β-myrcene 1.79, α-pinene 1.25, para-cymene
1.19, β-pinene 0.72, α-phellandrene 0.47, terpinolene 4 ml Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
0.47, α-thuyene 0.33, α-terpinene 0.26, sabinene 0.20,
trans-β-ocimene 0.18 3 ml Sandalwood (Santalum austrocaledonicum)
Sesquiterpenes β-farnesene 0.59, bicyclogermacrene 0.26,
β-caryophyllene 0.20, germacrene D 0.16 3 ml Kaffir lime/Combava (Citrus hystrix)
Monoterpenols linalol 2.21, α-terpineol 0.25, terpinen-4-ol 0.18

Sesquiterpenols spathulenol 0.43
Use this synergy in a diffuser or aromatic jewelry.
Phenols thymol 0.15
Add a few drops to your bath or mix 36 drops into
GC/MS obtained from www.aromaticsinternational.com.
Yuzu from Japan distilled Summer 2012. 4 ounces/120 ml of unscented lotion or shower gel.
6
IJPHA Vol. 1 Issue 4 Spring 2013
Inhaler for anxiety K a r p D . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . T h e S e c re t s B e h in d C h e f' s N o t- S o - S e c r e t In g r e d i e n t. The
New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/03dining/03
2 drops Jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) Y U Z U .h tm l? e x = 1 3 8 5 7 8 7 6 0 0 & e n = 5 0 3 d 5 c d 5 1 1 1 f4 1 2 4 & e i= 5 0 07& part-
ner=USERLAND. Last accessed 18 February 2013.
13 drops Yuzu (Citrus junos)
Lyth G. (1997-2013). http://www.quinessence.com/yuzu.htm
Add the blend of essential oils to a blank inhaler. Miyazawa N et al. (2009). Novel character impact compounds in
Inhale deeply, several times, through each nostril. Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) peel oil. J. Agric Food Chem. 57 (5),
p1990-6.
Use as needed.

Rhaman M M, Nito N, and Isshiki S. (2001). Cultivar identification of
'Yuzu' (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) and related acid citrus by leaf
Chest rub for cough and cold
isozymes. Scientia Horticulturae. 87, p191-8.
4 oz/120 ml unscented white cream or carrier oil

12 drops Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus smithii) S a w a m u r a M , S u n S H , O z a k i K , I s h i k a w a J , U k e d a H . ( 1 9 9 9 ) . In h i b i-
6 drops Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis var. decumbens) t o r y e f fe c t s o f c it r u s e s s e n t i a l o il s a n d t h e i r c o m p o n e n t s o n t h e
formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine. J Agric Food Chem. 47(12),
3 drops Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
p4868-72.
3 drops Yuzu (Citrus junos)
Sawamura M, Wu Y, Fujiwara C, Urushibata M. (2005). Inhibitory
effect of yuzu essential oil on the formation of N-

nitrosodimethylamine in vegetables. J Agric Food Chem. 53(10),
Apply the blended cream to chest, neck, and shoul-
p4281-7.
ders twice daily.
Taninaka T, Otoi N, Morimoto J. (1981). Acid citrus cultivars related
to the yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) in Japan. Proceedings of the
International Society of Citriculture. Edited by Matsumoto K, Oogaki C,
Gargle for throat infection
and Kozaki I. Tokyo, Japan: Aiko Printing Co. p73-76.
2 drops Sandalwood (Santalum paniculatum)
2 drops Yuzu (Citrus junos) University of California, Riverside. http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/
citrus/yuzu1.html

At the onset of symptoms, add essential oils to a Lora Cantele is a Registered Clinical Aromatherapist and
4 ounce/120 ml glass of water and gargle with the aromatherapy educator. www.enhancedgifts.com
mixture every few hours. Be sure to stir the
Practitioner share
mixture well before each mouthful and spit after
from Liz Fulcher, Clinical Aromatherapist and Educator
each cycle of gargling. 
www.aromaticwisdominstitute.com

Digestive Blend (To aid digestion and settle a gassy belly)
References
Abenkar A and Isshiki. (2003). Molecular characterization and genetic 3 drops Cardamom (Ellettaria cardamomum)
diversity among Japanese acid citrus (Citrus spp.) based on RAPD
3 drops Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)
markers. J of Horticulture Science and Biotechnology. (78) 1, p108-112.
3 drops Yuzu (Citrus junos)

2 drops Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
Choi H S. (2006). Lipolytic effects of citrus peel oils and their compo-
nents. J Agric Food Chem. 54 (9), p3254-8. 2 ounces Jojoba oil

Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. [Online Data- Blend the essential oils into the Jojoba oil and
base] Last accessed 8 Febuary 2013. gently massage the blend into your belly clockwise
after meals.
Hanelt P, Editor. (2001). Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and
horticultural crops. New York: Springer.

Heo H J et al. (2004). Effect of antioxidant flavanone, naringenin, from

Citrus junos on neuroprotection. Journal of Agri and Food Chem. 52 (6),

p1520-5.

Hirota R, Roger N N, Nakamura H, Song H S, Sawamura M, Su-
ganuma N. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effects of limonene from yuzu © Liz Fulcher 2013
(Citrus junos Tanaka) essential oil on eosinophils. Journal of Food Sci.
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IJPHA Vol. 1 Issue 4 Spring 2013
8
IJPHA Vol. 1 Issue 4 Spring 2013
Aromatherapy Benefits Autonomic
Nervous System Regulation for
Elementary School Faculty in Taiwan
Kang-Ming Chang1,2 Chuh-Wei Shen1,3
1 Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
2 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. Bergamot © Klaus Reger
3 Ming-Chien Elementary School of Nantou County, Taiwan, ROC.
Abstract I n t r o d u c t i o n
Workplace stress related illness is a serious issue. Workplace stress has attracted much attention
Thus, many stress reduction methods have been recently (Whalen, 2009). In Taiwan, working stress is
investigated. Aromatherapy applications of steam- increasing among elementary school teachers as a
distilled essential oils by inhalation or massage are result of students declining, competition between
typically used by populations that work under high schools and education reform. Local studies have
stress. Elementary school teachers are a high-stress indicated that there is higher job stress and interper-
working population in Taiwan. In this study, 54 sonal stress in male elementary teachers than in
elementary school teachers from three schools were female teachers. Young teachers feel increased stress
recruited to evaluate aromatherapy’s performance on income and time scheduling, while senior teach-
on stress reduction. Subjects with a history of ers feel increased stress on colleague relationships
asthma, high blood pressure or heart disease were (Hawng, 1999). Thus, appropriate stress coping
excluded. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oil methods are also highly desirable.
was used as an aromatherapy diffuser mist for ten

minutes. Blood pressure and autonomic nervous
Various approaches have been involved in workplace
system parameters were recorded five minutes
stress management (Shader et al, 2001). Aromather-
before and after the application of the diffuser mist.
apy, due to easy implementation and effectiveness, is
Results showed that there were significant decreases
one of them (Blevi and Sween, 1993). Essential oils
in blood pressure, heart rate, low frequency (LF)
are used to reduce body tension and emotional
power percentage and LF/HF while there were
stress. Common essential oils are Bergamot (Citrus
increases in heart rate variability and high frequency
bergamia), Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), and Ge-
(HF) power percentage (p<0.001***) after applica-
ranium (Pelargonium graveolens) (Mein, 1998). Use of
tion of the aromatherapy mist. Further analysis was
Lavender and Rosemary scented candles have been
investigated by dividing subjects into three back-
found to reduce the pressure of testing on nursing
ground variables (position variables, age variables,
school students (McCaffrey et al, 2009). Aroma-
gender variables) and anxiety degree groups. Anxiety
therapy was widely used for stress adaptation. Koma-
degree groups were determined by the Beck Anxiety
rova and Avilov’s results showed that regular use of
Inventory (BAI). All parameters were significantly
fragrant scented candles can increase students’ para-
different for most sub-groups, except for the substi-
sympathetic rhythm (Komarova and Avilov, 2009).
tute teachers and the light-anxiety group. Parasympa-
Seo thought aromatherapy by inhalation was an effec-
thetic nervous system activation was measured after
tive stress management method. In a study when 36
aromatherapy in this study. It encouraged further
female high school students received the aroma
study of aromatherapy for other stressed working
treatment, their stress levels were significantly lower
populations.
(Seo, 2009). In addition, Hur and associates applied
aromatherapy massage in Korean climacteric
9
IJPHA Vol. 1 Issue 4 Spring 2013
women. Lavender, Rose Geranium (species not frequency range (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz), and the other is
specified), Rose (Rosa damascena) and Jasmine high frequency range (HF, 0.15-0.4 Hz).
(species not specified) with an essential oil 4:2:1:1
*DFT is used to convert the sampled function from its original domain
ratio, in almond (Prunus dulcis) oil (90%) and evening
(often time or position along a line) to the frequency domain. Because
primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil (10%) at a concen-
it deals with a finite amount of data, it can be implemented in com-
tration of 3% used for massage once a week. Eight puters by numerical algorithms or even dedicated hardware
weeks of massage showed a significantly lower total (www.Wikipedia.org).
menopausal index than that in wait-listed controls.
Thus, significant HRV variation was expected after
These findings suggest that aromatherapy massage
aromatherapy. Sympathetic activity is accompanied
can be an effective treatment of menopausal symp-
with increases in low frequency power (LF) of the
toms such as hot flushes, depression and pain in
heart rate variability (HRV) spectrum, while para-
climacteric women (Hur et al, 2008). Bagetta and
sympathetic activity is associated with high frequency
associates examined the brain wave spectrum power
power (HF). Duan and associates' results indicated
and found that Bergamot essential oil correlates well
that after the inhalation of Lavender, there was a
with its exocytotic and carrier-mediated release of
significant increase in HF and LF/HF values (Duan et
discrete amino acids endowed with neurotransmitter
al, 2007). Anxiety caused by anxiety-provoking film
function in the mammalian hippocampus (Bagetta et
clips was reduced with the aid of orally administered
al, 2010). Bergamot essential oil was able to interfere
Lavender essential oil and there was an increase in
with normal and pathological synaptic plasticity.
HRV (Bradley et al, 2009). Therefore HRV was used
Therefore, Bergamot essential oil was effective for
as an indicator to measure the effect of aromather-
anxiety reduction of mild depression subjects. It also
apy on elementary school teachers.
had the effect of reducing pain in cancer subjects
(Narita et al, 2007).

Material and methods
Therefore Bergamot essential oil is used in this Subjects
study, with the aid of a misting diffuser for aroma- Fifty-four elementary school teachers from three
therapy. Many essential oils have a sedating effect, different schools were enrolled. Possible asthma, hy-
such as Bergamot, Lavender, Chamomile (species not pertension or heart disease patients were excluded.
specified), and other essential oils (Mein, 1998). The reason to exclude asthma is that the diffuser
Chamomile was expensive and the odor of Lavender mist may induce an asthma attack, so asthmatic sub-
was irritating and allergenic to a portion of the jects were excluded from this experimental study.
subjects so Bergamot essential oil was chosen for Many studies indicate that heart rate variability is
this study. closely related to heart disease, myocardial infarction
and heart failure. Therefore the subjects with heart

disease and hypertension were also excluded from
The autonomic nervous system includes sympathetic
this study.
activity and parasympathetic activity. When people

feel anxious or experience stress, heart rate and Further subgroups were divided by gender, job
sympathetic activity will increase and parasympa-
position, age and degree of anxiety. The Beck
thetic activity will decrease. Narita and associates Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used by a qualified
found that there were higher sympathetic activities
expert to estimate the degree of anxiety in each
for depressed and anxious subjects than for normal volunteer. Based on the BAI result, subjects were
subjects (Narita et al, 2007). Similar results were
scored as light anxiety, mild anxiety or moderate
also shown on swimmers (Cervantes et al, 2009).
anxiety. Detailed subject information is listed in
Autonomic nervous system activities were moni-
Table 1.
tored from heart rate variability (HRV) which was
derived from heartbeat interval time series. With
further discrete Fourier transform (DFT*) applied
to the heartbeat interval time series, two specific
power spectrum ranges were defined. One is low
10
IJPHA Vol. 1 Issue 4 Spring 2013