Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Оренбургский государственный университет» А.С. Фомиченко PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS PART 1 Рекомендовано ученым советом федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Оренбургский государственный университет» в качестве учебного пособия для студентов, обучающихся по программам высшего образования по направлению подготовки 13.03.02 Электроэнергетика и электротехника Оренбург 2016 Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК 81.432.1я7 Ф76 Рецензент – доцент кафедры ТиПП, кандидат филологических наук Е.Д. Андреева Фомиченко, А.С. Ф76 Professional English for Electrical Engineers. Part 1: учебное пособие / А.С. Фомиченко; Оренбургский гос. ун-т. – Оренбург: ОГУ, 2016. – 110 с. ISBN 978-5-7410-1771-5 В учебном пособии представлены задания и упражнения, направленные на расширение лексического запаса студентов, на развитие навыков речевого общения, чтения и письма. Учебное пособие предназначено для занятий по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» для обеспечения аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов-бакалавров очной формы обучения по направлению подготовки 13.03.02 Электроэнергетика и электротехника. УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК 81.432.1я7 ISBN 978-5-7410-1771-5 © Фомиченко А.С., 2016 © ОГУ, 2016 2 Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..….5 1 Unit 1. The Theory of Electricity………………………………...……………….… 6 1.1 From the History of Electricity…………………………………………………… 6 1.2 Atoms…………………………………………………………............................... 11 1.3 Electrons……………………………………………………………….…….......... 16 1.4 Molecules…………………………………………………………………………. 22 1.5 Check Yourself…………………………………………………………………… 26 2 Unit 2. Basic Concepts of Electricity……………………………………………….. 28 2.1 Voltage………………………………………………………………………...….. 28 2.2 Current……………………………………………………………………………. 32 2.3 Resistance…………………………………………………………………………. 40 2.4 Power……………………………………………………………………………... 46 2.5 Energy…………………………………………………………………………….. 52 2.6 Magnetism. Electromagnetism…………………………………………….……… 58 2.7 Check Yourself……………………………………………………………..…….. 65 3 Unit 3. Measuring Devices……………………………………………….……......... 68 3.1 What is a Meter?………………………………………………………………….. 68 3.2 Ammeters…………………………………………………………………………. 73 3.3 Voltmeters………………………………………………………………………… 77 3.4 Ohmmeters……………………………………………………………...………… 83 3.5 Wattmeters………………………………………………………………………... 88 3.6 Check Yourself…………………………………………………………………… 93 4 Test: Part 1……………………………………………………...………..……….… 96 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………............... 102 Appendix A……………………………………………………………………………... 104 Appendix B……………………………………………………………………………... 1 05 Appendix C…………………………………………………………………………… 106 3 Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» Appendix D……………………………………………………….……………….107 Appendix E………………………………………………………….…………….108 4 Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» Introduction Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов электроэнергетического факультета I, II курсов, изучающих дисциплину «Иностранный язык» (английский). Цель учебного пособия – развитие навыков чтения и говорения, а также развитие языковых знаний студентов в сфере профессиональной коммуникации. Содержание изложенного лексического материала соответствует требованиям рабочей программы и предназначено для обеспечения аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов-бакалавров по направлению подготовки 13.03.02 Электроэнергетика и электротехника. Учебное пособие состоит из трех глав, в каждую из которых входят несколько разделов: «The Theory of Electricity» (From the History of Electricity, Atoms, Electrons, Molecules); «Basic Concepts of Electricity» (Voltage, Current, Resistance, Power, Energy, Magnetism. Electromagnetism); «Measuring Devices» (What is a Meter?, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Ohmmeters, Wattmeters); тестового материала и пяти приложений. Текстовый материал данного пособия направлен на ознакомление с основными разделами электроэнергетики и электротехники, расположен в определенной логической последовательности и сопровождается тематическими иллюстрациями. После каждого текста следуют упражнения с целью проверки понимания и осмысления содержания текста, активизации мыслительной деятельности учащихся, а также отработки ранее изученного материала. Упражнения включают сложные по структуре и профессиональному лексическому наполнению предложения, взятые из аутентичных источников, что позволяет расширить активный словарный запас студентов в области их профессиональной деятельности и способствует развитию навыков чтения и перевода технической литературы. Особенность данного учебного пособия состоит в использовании аутентичного материала, комплекса полиаспектных упражнений и технической терминологии. 5 Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» 1 Unit 1. The Theory of Electricity 1.1 From the History of Electricity Before you start 1. What is a definite quantity of electricity? 2. What kind of experiments did Charles Dufay carry on? 3. What did Benjamin Franklin prove? Exercise 1. Read and translate the text. It was discovered centuries ago that certain types of materials would mysteriously attract one another after being rubbed together. For example: after rubbing a piece of silk against a piece of glass, the silk and glass would tend to stick together. Indeed, there was an attractive force that could be demonstrated even when the two materials were separated (figure 1). Figure 1 Glass and silk aren’t the only materials known to behave like this. Anyone who has ever brushed up against a latex balloon only to find that it tries to stick to them has experienced this same phenomenon. Paraffin wax and wool cloth are another pair of materials early experimenters recognized as manifesting attractive forces after being rubbed together (figure 2). Figure 2 This phenomenon became even more interesting when it was discovered that identical materials, after having been rubbed with their respective cloths, always repelled each other. It was also noted that when a piece of glass rubbed with silk was exposed to a piece of wax rubbed with wool, the two materials would attract one another. Furthermore, it was found that any material demonstrating properties of attraction or repulsion after being rubbed could be classed into one of two distinct categories: 6 Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» attracted to glass and repelled by wax, or repelled by glass and attracted to wax. It was either one or the other: there were no materials found that would be attracted to or repelled by both glass and wax, or that reacted to one without reacting to the other. More attention was directed toward the pieces of cloth used to do the rubbing. It was discovered that after rubbing two pieces of glass with two pieces of silk cloth, not only did the glass pieces repel each other, but so did the cloths. The same phenomenon held for the pieces of wool used to rub the wax. Now, this was really strange to witness. After all, none of these objects were visibly altered by the rubbing, yet they definitely behaved differently than before they were rubbed. Whatever change took place to make these materials attract or repel one another was invisible. Some experimenters speculated that invisible “fluids” were being transferred from one object to another during the process of rubbing, and that these “fluids” were able to effect a physical force over a distance. Charles Dufay was one of the early experimenters who demonstrated that there were definitely two different types of changes wrought by rubbing certain pairs of objects together. The fact that there was more than one type of change manifested in these materials was evident by the fact that there were two types of forces produced: attraction and repulsion. The hypothetical fluid transfer became known as a charge. One pioneering researcher, Benjamin Franklin, came to the conclusion that there was only one fluid exchanged between rubbed objects, and that the two different “charges” were nothing more than either an excess or a deficiency of that one fluid. After experimenting with wax and wool, Franklin suggested that the coarse wool removed some of this invisible fluid from the smooth wax, causing an excess of fluid on the wool and a deficiency of fluid on the wax. The resulting disparity in fluid content between the wool and wax would then cause an attractive force, as the fluid tried to regain its former balance between the two materials. Postulating the existence of a single “fluid” that was either gained or lost through rubbing accounted best for the observed behavior: that all these materials fell neatly into one of two categories when rubbed, and most importantly, that the two active materials 7 Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» rubbed against each other always fell into opposing categories as evidenced by their invariable attraction to one another. In other words, there was never a time where two materials rubbed against each other both became either positive or negative. Following Franklin’s speculation of the wool rubbing something off of the wax, the type of charge that was associated with rubbed wax became known as “negative” (because it was supposed to have a deficiency of fluid) while the type of charge associated with the rubbing wool became known as “positive” (because it was supposed to have an excess of fluid). Precise measurements of electrical charge were carried out by the French physicist Charles Coulomb in the 1780’s using a device called a torsional balance measuring the force generated between two electrically charged objects. The results of Coulomb’s work led to the development of a unit of electrical charge named in his honor, the coulomb. The operational definition of a coulomb as the unit of electrical charge (in terms of force generated between point charges) was found to be equal to an excess or deficiency of about 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons. It was discovered much later that this “fluid” was actually composed of extremely small bits of matter called electrons, so named in honor of the ancient Greek word for amber: another material exhibiting charged properties when rubbed with cloth. Experimentation has since revealed that all objects are composed of extremely small “building-blocks” known as atoms, and that these atoms are in turn composed of smaller components known as particles. The three fundamental particles comprising most atoms are called protons, neutrons and electrons. Exercise 2. Transcribe the following words: Force Phenomenon Attraction Repulsion Fluid Hypothetical Charge 8 Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» Existence Category Torsional Balance Measure Coulomb Particle Neutron Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the underlined words. 1. The static charges are known to be at rest. 2. The alternating current changes its direction many times a second. 3. We know the electric charges to be positive and negative. 4. Some liquids are known to conduct current without any changes to themselves. 5. On the contrary the electrolytes are known to change greatly when the current flows through them. 6. One can charge dissimilar objects by rubbing them. Exercise 4. Put the words into the correct order to make sentences. 1. material It categories was any properties of or repulsion after rubbed be that by classed one of distinct: attracted to glass being and repelled by wax, could or repelled into found demonstrating glass and two attracted to attraction wax. 2. Some speculated invisible effect being from object were to that during the transferred of “fluids” rubbing, and that experimenters these another “fluids” were able to a process physical force over one a distance. 3. fact The type was materials attraction more the one of manifested in was there than evident by that there these were fact two that types of forces change: and produced repulsion. 4. removed suggested the wool some of invisible from the fluid wax, that an smooth excess this coarse of Franklin of fluid on wool the and a deficiency fluid on causing the wax. 9 Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» 5. amber cloth was much that this was of bits of composed matter actually called It, so extremely named in for later honor of small the ancient “fluid” word: another exhibiting material charged Greek properties discovered when rubbed electrons with. Exercise 5. Compose a dialogue using the words from exercises 2 and 3. Exercise 6. Retell the text “From the History of Electricity” according to the notes below. Notes for retelling: 1. Look through the text. What is its main topic? What field is it in? What is its main idea? 2. Now read the text more carefully. What parts can you divide it into? How many parts are there? Work on each part of the text (the parts the text falls into may show as paragraphs). What is the main idea of each part? Try to find the key statements in each part and put them down. They may be 1-2 sentences from each paragraph/part of the text. 3. Now add some details to the skeleton. They can be from the text - some interesting facts that illustrate the theory or what not. Think of some opinions of your own: what do you think of this or that idea of the author? Is this matter interesting for you? Does it go with your own research? Do you agree with the hypotheses presented? Let your statements be noticeable and attracting attention so as to wake those who are listening. Exercise 7. Did you know….? Read the text and then make questions so that the words in bold provide answers. Benjamin Franklin (figure 3) (1706—1790) and his friends did extensive experimenting with what is known as a Leyden jar (figure 4). Leyden jars were created by Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek of Leiden, the Netherlands and were named after this city. Leyden jars were commonly used in Franklin's day to store and transfer electric charge. Figure 3 10